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科学家们刚刚在银河系发现了一个“不可能的”黑洞

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2019年11月29日

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Scientists Just Found an "Impossible" Black Hole in The Milky Way Galaxy

科学家们刚刚在银河系发现了一个“不可能的”黑洞

A new black hole search method has just yielded fruit, and boy is it juicy. Astronomers have found a stellar-mass black hole clocking in at around 70 times the mass of the Sun - but according to current models of stellar evolution, its size is impossible, at least in the Milky Way.

一种新的黑洞搜索方法刚刚产生了成果,真是太棒了。天文学家发现了一个恒星质量的黑洞,其质量大约是太阳质量的70倍,但根据目前的恒星演化模型,它的大小是不可能的,至少在银河系是这样。

The chemical composition of our galaxy's most massive stars suggests that they lose most of their mass at the end of their lives through explosions and powerful stellar winds, before the star's core collapses into a black hole.

我们银河系中质量最大的恒星的化学成分表明,它们在生命的最后阶段通过爆炸和强大的恒星风失去了大部分质量,这时恒星的核心还没有坍缩成黑洞。

科学家们刚刚在银河系发现了一个“不可能的”黑洞

The hefty stars in the mass range that could produce a black hole are expected to end their lives in what is called a pair-instability supernova that completely obliterates the stellar core. So astronomers are scratching their heads trying to figure out how the black hole - named LB-1 - got so chonky.

在质量范围内可以产生黑洞的巨大恒星预计将在所谓的对不稳定超新星中结束生命,该超新星将彻底摧毁恒星核心。因此,天文学家们绞尽脑汁,试图弄清楚这个名为LB-1的黑洞是如何变得如此“软硬”的。

Black holes of such mass should not even exist in our galaxy, according to most of the current models of stellar evolution, said astronomer Jifeng Liu of the National Astronomical Observatory of China.

中国国家天文台的天文学家刘继峰说:“根据目前大多数恒星演化模型,这种质量的黑洞甚至不应该存在于我们的星系中。”

LB-1 is twice as massive as what we thought possible. Now theorists will have to take up the challenge of explaining its formation.

“LB-1的质量是我们认为可能的两倍。现在,理论家们将不得不接受解释其形成的挑战。”

The method by which the black hole was detected was really clever.

探测黑洞的方法确实很聪明。

Black holes, unless they are actively accreting matter, a process that glows in several wavelengths across the spectrum, are literally invisible. They don't give off any radiation we can detect - no light, no radio waves, no X-rays, zip, zilch. But that doesn't mean we have nothing in our detection toolkit.

黑洞,除非它们在积极地吸收物质,这个过程会在光谱中发出几个波长的光,否则是看不见的。它们不会发出我们能探测到的任何辐射——没有光,没有无线电波,没有x射线,什么都没有。但这并不意味着我们的检测工具箱里什么都没有。

Way back in 1783, English natural scientist John Michell (the first person to propose the existence of black holes) suggested that black holes may be detectable if they were orbited by something that does emit light - such as a companion star - which would be tugged around the resulting binary system's mutual centre of gravity.

早在1783年,英语自然科学家约翰·米歇尔(第一个提出黑洞)的存在表明,黑洞可能检测到如果他们被东西环绕发光——比如伴星——这将是拖着周围产生的二进制系统的共同的重心。

科学家们刚刚在银河系发现了一个“不可能的”黑洞

This is now known as the radial velocity method, and it's one of the main ways we search for and confirm the existence of hard-to-see exoplanets as they exert a small gravitational influence on their stars. And it can also be used to find other invisible things - such as black holes.

这就是现在所知的径向速度法,它是我们寻找和确认难以观测的系外行星存在的主要方法之一,因为它们对其恒星有很小的引力影响。它还可以用来发现其他不可见的东西——比如黑洞。

Liu and his colleagues were using the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) in China to search for these wobbly stars, and got a hit on a main-sequence blue giant star.

刘和他的同事使用中国的大天空区域多目标光纤光谱望远镜(LAMOST)来寻找这些摇摆不定的恒星,并发现了一颗主序蓝巨星。

But it took follow-up observations using the powerful Gran Telescopio Canarias in Spain and the Keck Observatory in the US to reveal the amazing nature of what the scientists had found.

但科学家们利用西班牙强大的Gran Telescopio Canarias和美国的Keck天文台进行了后续观测,揭示了科学家们所发现的惊人性质。

The star, around 35 million years old and clocking in at around eight times the mass of the Sun, is orbiting the black hole every 79 days on what the researchers called a "surprisingly circular" orbit.

这颗恒星大约有3500万年的历史,质量大约是太阳的8倍。它每79天绕黑洞运行一次,研究人员称之为“令人惊讶的圆形”轨道。

There has been another black hole of a similar mass range detected, clocking in at around 62 solar masses - it was created as a result of a collision between two black holes in a binary pair - GW150914, the first direct detection of gravitational waves ever made by humans. It's not in the Milky Way, but it does offer one way such a black hole can form.

还有一个类似质量范围的黑洞被探测到,大约有62个太阳质量——它是由两个黑洞以双子星对碰撞产生的——GW150914,这是人类首次直接探测到引力波。它不在银河系中,但它确实提供了一种黑洞形成的方式。

The research has been published in Nature.

这项研究发表在《自然》杂志上。



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