2006年5月翻译资格考试二级笔译真题

第一部分

英译汉必译题

For all the natural and man-made disasters of the past year, travelers seem more determined than ever to leave home.

Never mind the tsunami devastation in Asia last December, the recent earthquake in Kashmir or the suicide bombings this year in London and Bali, among other places on or off the tourist trail. The number of leisure travelers visiting tourist destinations hit by trouble has in some cases bounced back to a level higher than before disaster struck.

"This new fast recovery of tourism we are observing is kind of strange," said John Koldowski, director for the Strategic Intelligence Center of the Bangkok-based Pacific Asia Travel Association. "It makes you think about the adage that any publicity is good publicity."

It is still too soon to compile year-on-year statistics for the disasters of the past 12 months,but travel industry experts say that the broad trends are already clear. Leisure travel isexpected to increase by nearly 5 percent this year, according to the World Tourism and Travel Council.

Tourism and travel now seem to bounce back faster and higher each time there is an event of this sort," said Ufi Ibrahim, vice president of the London-based World Tourism and Travel Council. For London, where suicide bombers killed 56 and wounded 700 on July 8, she said, "It was almost as if people who stayed away after the bomb attack then decided to come back twice."

Early indicators show that the same holds true for other disaster-struck destinations. Statistics compiled by the Pacific Asia Travel Association, for example, show that monthly visitor arrivals in Sri Lanka, where the Dec. 26, 2004, tsunami left more than 30,000 people dead or missing, were higher than one year earlier for every month from March through August of this year.

A case commonly cited by travel professionals as an early example of the trend is Bali, where 202 people were killed in bombings targeting Western tourists in October 2002. Visitor arrivals plunged to 993,000 for the year after the bombing, but bounced back to 1.46 million in 2004, a level higher than the two years before the bomb, according to the Pacific Asia Travel Association.

Even among Australians, who suffered the worst casualties in the Bali bombings, the number of Bali-bound visitors bounced back within two years to the highest level since 1998, according the Pacific Asia Travel Association.

Bali was hit again this year by suicide bombers who killed 19 people in explosions at three restaurants.

Visits are also on the upswing to post-tsunami Thailand, where the giant waves killed 5,400 and left more than 5,000 missing.

Although the tsunami killed more than 500 Swedes on the Thai resort island of Phuket, thelargest number of any foreign nationality to die, Swedes are returning to the island in largernumbers than last year, according to My Travel Sweden, a Stockholm-based group that sends600,000 tourists overseas annually and claims a 28 percent market share for Sweden.

"We were confident that Thailand would eventually bounce back as a destination, but we didn"t think that this year it would come back even stronger than last year," said Joakim Eriksson, director of communication for My Travel Sweden. "We were very surprised because we really expected a significant decline."

Eriksson said My Travel now expects a 5 percent increase in visitors to both Thailand andSri Lanka this season compared with the same season last year. This behavior is a sharp changefrom the patterns of the 1990s, Eriksson said.

"During the first Gulf war we saw a sharp drop in travel as a whole, and the same after Sept. 11," Eriksson said. "Now the main impact of terrorism or disasters is a change in destination."

参考译文： 尽管过去的一年天灾人祸不断，但这丝毫没有影响人们出游的兴致，出游意愿空前高涨。

去年 12 月亚洲发生了特大海啸，近期克什米尔发生了地震，伦敦和巴厘岛也相继发 生了自杀性爆炸事件，包括热门旅游目的地在内的许多地区都遭受了类似天灾人祸的影 响。尽管如此，一些旅游胜地灾后旅游业复苏强劲，游客数量甚至超过了灾前水平。

“现在旅游业复苏势头迅猛，着实令人费解，”总部设在曼谷的太平洋亚洲旅游协会 战略情报中心主任约翰﹒考尔多斯基说道，“这不由让人想起那句格言， „好事坏事无所谓， 为人所知最可贵‟”。(好也好，坏也好，只要出名就好。)

鉴于去年发生灾祸较多，现在对旅游业做同比统计为时尚早，不过旅游业专家表示， 旅游业总体发展趋势已十分明朗。世界旅游旅行理事会预计，今年旅游人数料将同比上 升近 5%。

总部设在伦敦的世界旅游旅行理事会副理事长尤菲﹒易卜拉欣说，“现在每当发生天灾人祸后，旅游业复苏步伐似乎都在加快，且发展势头更猛。”去年 7 月 8 日伦敦发生了自杀性爆炸事件，导致 56 人丧生，700 人受伤。谈及伦敦的旅游业发展，尤菲﹒易卜拉 欣说，“现在旅游人数几乎翻番，感觉就像是爆炸袭击后那些刻意避开伦敦的游客现在改 变了主意，(为弥补缺憾，)非要二度畅游伦敦一样。”

初步统计显示，其他受灾旅游目的地的旅游业发展态势也大致如此。斯里兰卡在 2004 年 12 月 26 日发生的特大海啸中有超过 3 万人丧生或失踪。太平洋亚洲旅游协会提供的 统计数字显示，斯里兰卡今年三至八月份的入境游客数量每月都呈现出同比增长的良好 态势。

2002 年 10 月印尼巴厘岛发生了针对西方游客的蓄意爆炸事件，造成 202 人丧生。但 是，当地旅游业此后快速复苏，成为旅游业界人士早期广泛引用的经典案例。太平洋亚 洲旅游协会统计数据显示，在爆炸发生的当年，巴厘岛的游客数量骤降至 99.3 万人，但 是到 2004 年又反弹至 146 万人，超过了爆炸发生前两年的游客接待量。

澳大利亚游客在当年巴厘岛爆炸事件中伤亡最为惨重。但是，太平洋亚洲旅游协会 的统计数据显示，在爆炸发生后的两年时间里前往巴厘岛度假的澳大利亚游客数量达到 了 1998 年以来的最高水平。

今年巴厘岛再遭自杀性爆炸袭击，三个餐馆发生连环爆炸，共造成 19 人丧生。

2004 年的特大海啸在泰国共造成 5400 人丧生，超过 5000 人失踪，而现在赴泰国的游客数量也在不断上升。

当年海啸发生期间，在泰国旅游度假胜地普吉岛有超过 500 名瑞典游客丧生，是外 籍游客当中死亡人数最多的。不过，根据“瑞典-我的旅行”的统计，今年重返普吉岛度假 的瑞典游客数量已超过去年。“瑞典-我的旅行”是一家位于斯德哥尔摩的国际旅行社，每 年向国外输送 60 万名游客，在瑞典旅游市场占据 28%的份额。

“当时我们相信泰国最终会再次成为瑞典游客心目中的热点旅游目的地，但是没想到 会这么快。今年赴泰瑞典游客人数甚至超过了去年，”该旅行社对外联络部主任约吉姆﹒ 埃里克森说，“我们原以为赴泰游会出现大幅下滑，所以这么强劲的复苏势头确实出乎意 料。”

埃里克森说，该旅行社预计，今年旅游季赴泰国和斯里兰卡旅游的瑞典游客数量将 同比增长 5%。他说，这种旅游发展趋势与上世纪 90 年代迥然不同。

“在第一次海湾战争期间，整个旅游市场游客数量出现大幅下滑，„911‟恐怖袭击后 也是如此，”埃里克森说道，“而现在，恐怖主义袭击或者自然灾害对旅游业的影响主要体现在游客旅游目的地的调整(，游客数量不会再大幅下降)。”

英译汉选译题 选译题一

Freed by warming, waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle.

In Bykovsky, a village of 457 on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil, at a rate of 15 to 18 feet

a year.

"It is practically all ice - permafrost - and it is thawing." For the four million people wholive north of the Arctic Circle, a changing climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture.

A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and,soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.

Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, forcing the United States to prepare torelocate several Inuit villages at a projected cost of $100 million or more for each one.

Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt,but it can be confounding.

In Finnmark, Norway's northernmost province, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine ofa snowmobile herding them.

A changing Arctic is felt there, too. "The reindeer are becoming unhappy," said Issat Eira,a 31-year-old reindeer herder.

Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and Sami culture hasenjoyed something of a renaissance.

And yet no amount of government support can convince Mr. Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman, he keepsthe size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow, which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig throughto the lichen they eat.

"The people who are making the decisions, they are living in the south and they are living in towns," said Mr. Eira, sitting inside his home made of reindeer hides. "They don't mark the change of weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it."

A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields

in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and,soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators,smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.

参考译文： 随着全球变暖，海冰逐渐融化，海水水位上涨，侵蚀着北极圈附近的沿海居住区。

位于俄罗斯东北海岸的拜考夫斯凯村(Bykovsky)居住着 457 名村民，这里的海岸线逐渐受到侵蚀，每年以 15 至 18 英尺的速度后退，日益逼近村舍和取暖用油桶。

“这里实际上是永冻层，全是冰，而现在冰层都在融化。”对于生活在北极圈以北的400 万居民来说，气候变化带来了新机遇，但也对他们的生活环境和住所构成了威胁。很 多居民世代生活在冰天雪地的荒野里，形成了自己独特的文化习俗，气候变化给当地文 化保护工作也同样带来了威胁。

随着北冰洋海冰日渐融化，人们开始加速开发北极地区，这对于生活在极地的居民 来说利弊兼有。在巴伦支海和卡拉海地区发现了大型油田后，人们不禁担心，满载着石 油(不久后还会有液化气)的船只穿行斯堪的纳维亚沿岸的渔场前往欧洲和北美市场的 途中可能会发生灾难性事故。随着北极地区能源工业的蓬勃发展，发电厂、烟囱和大型 运输工具等配套设备、设施相继建立或出现，这片未被人类染指的净土也终将会受到污 染。

阿拉斯加也面临海岸线遭受侵蚀的问题。对此，美国政府计划对因纽特人居住的几 个村庄进行迁移，每个村庄的迁移成本预计在 1 亿美元以上。

北极地区的土著部落几百年来都生活在冰封雪冻的极端自然环境里，形成了自己独 特的文化传统。现在，他们开始注意到天气和野生动物的变化，也在积极努力去适应气候变化，但这又谈何容易。

在挪威最北端的芬马克省，冬末时节的北极地区是一望无际的雪域景象，万籁俱寂， 偶尔能听到驯鹿的嘶鸣声和养鹿人驾驶的雪地摩托发出的轰鸣声。

即使在这里也能感受到气候变化的影响。现年 31 岁的养鹿人埃拉说，“驯鹿越来越不 开心。”

挪威的环保工作和土著文化保护工作走在世界前列。挪威政府拿出相当部分的石油 收入用来保护这里的土著文化，萨米文化也由此迎来了复兴。

埃拉的生活与驯鹿已经密不可分。然而，他认为，无论政府投入多少资金用于土著 文化保护，他的生活方式也终将会发生变化。像德克萨斯州的牧场主一样，埃拉不愿透 露自己养了多少头驯鹿。不过，他说春秋季节天气转暖使得雪地的上层融化，之后融化 的雪水(到了夏冬季节)再次结冰，驯鹿想要吃到底层的地衣就更不容易了。

“他们决策者都住在(北极圈)以南的城镇里，”埃拉坐在自己用鹿皮搭建的屋子里 说道，“观察不到气候的真实变化。只有生活在大自然里、以大自然为生的人才能体会得 到。”

选译题二

Some people call him “Guidone”—big Guido. Large in both physical stature and reputation, Guido Rossi, who took over as Telecom Italia's chairman on September 15th following the surprise resignation of Marco Tronchetti Provera, has stood out from the Italian business crowd for more than three decades. Mr. Rossi, who attended Harvard law school in the 1950s and wrote a book on American bankruptcy law, made his name as a corporate lawyer keen on market rules and their enforcement. He has since worked in both private and public sectors, including stints in the Italian Senate and as one of the European Commission's group of company-law experts. As well as running a busy legal practice, he also has a reputation as a corporate troubleshooter and all-round Mr Fix-It, and is often called upon to clean up organisations in crisis.

His role at Telecom Italia marks a return to the company he headed for ten months in 1997, during its politically tricky and legally complex privatisation. Before that, Mr Rossi had been sent in to sort out Ferruzzi-Montedison, an agri-business and chemicals group, which had collapsed after magistrates uncovered tangentopoli (“bribesville”). Last year his legal scheming was crucial in ABN Amro's victorious bid for Banca Antonveneta. Most recently, he acted as special commissioner at Italy's football association, where he was drafted in to sort out the mess after a massive match-rigging scandal exploded earlier this year.

Alas, his efforts to bleach football's dark stains produced the same meagre[4] results as his other efforts to get Italian business and finance to change its ways. “Like Italians when tangentopoli burst, fans wanted justice when the scandal broke; but enthusiasm for legality quickly waned,” sighs Francesco Saverio Borrelli, Milan's former chief prosecutor, who headed the city's assault on corruption during the 1990s and was appointed by Mr Rossi to dig out football's dirt. The political muscle of the clubs prevented tough measures being taken against them, reflecting Italy's two-tier justice system in which the rich and powerful can do what they like. “Economic interests in football far outweigh sporting interests,” remarks Mr Borrelli. The rottenness in football shocked even the unshakeable Mr Rossi. “Football did not want rules, it just wanted me to solve its problems,” he says. Despairing of being able to change much, he resigned in September and turned his attentio

参考译文：

吉多·罗西人称“吉多尼(Guidone)”,就是大吉多的意思，(全因他)身材魁梧，又颇有 声望。30 多年来，吉多·罗西在意大利商界一直是叱咤风云的人物。在意大利电信公司的 马可·特龙切蒂·普罗费拉(Marco Tronchetti Provera)突然辞职后，吉多·罗西于 9 月 15 日接任董事长一职。罗西在上世纪 50 年代就读哈佛大学法学院，曾编著过一本有关美国 破产法的书籍，后专注于市场规则及执行情况的研究，成为一名企业律师，由此声名鹊 起。此后，罗西在政界和企业界都有任职经历，曾在意大利参议院干过一段时期，之后 在欧洲委员会企业法专家组也任过职。罗西曾开办过一家律师事务所，做得也是有声有 色。此外，他还因帮助很多企业成功处理棘手问题而名声在外，人称“故障排除多面手”。 也正因如此，许多企业组织经常请他出山，帮助化解危机。

1997 年，意大利电信公司推行私有化，遭遇了政治和法律上的重重障碍，当时也是罗西临危受命，在该公司担任了 10 个月的领导职位。此次他担任意大利电信公司董事长 一职不啻是一种回归。在 1997 年之前，罗西被委派处理法鲁兹 -蒙特狄逊(Ferruzzi-Montedison)的案子。这家经营农业和化学品的集团公司被当地法官指控有腐 败行为，之后该公司宣告破产。去年，荷兰银行 Amro 公司成功收购 Banca Antonveneta， 罗西的法律专长功不可没。而就在此次走马上任之前，他担任意大利足球协会特别委员， 帮助收拾今年早些时候足球丑闻爆发后留下的烂摊子。

此前，罗西一直励精图治，希望改变意大利工商界和金融界的运作方式，但收效甚 微，而他帮助意大利足协平息丑闻的努力也无甚起色，令人遗憾。“当腐败丑闻曝光时， 意大利民众疾呼要彻查腐败，同样，当足坛丑闻浮出水面时，球迷也呼吁要讨回公道。 但是，这股伸张正义的热情很快就销声匿迹了，”萨维利奥 ·博雷利说。博雷利是米兰市 的前首席检察官，曾在上世纪 90 年代在米兰带头反腐，并受罗西之托协助彻查足坛丑闻。 不过，意大利各足球俱乐部后台都很硬，根本无法对他们施以重拳。这也从侧面反映了 意大利司法体系实行的是双重标准，有钱有势者可以为所欲为，凌驾于法律之上。“足坛 的经济利益远远超过体育利益，”博雷利说。足坛腐败如是，连一向坚定推行改革的罗西 也大为震惊。“足协根本不是让我去秉公执法的，只不过是让我去临危救火的，”他说。眼 看足协改革无望，罗西于 9 月辞去足协职务，转而将目光锁定意大利电信。

第二部分 汉译英

试题一

亚洲是我们共同的家园，亚洲的和平、稳定、发展关系到亚洲各国人民的共同命运。 我们高兴地看到，在当前总体和平稳定的国际环境下，亚洲也迎来了有史以来较为稳定 的和平发展时期。这就是一个最重要的新机会。

在亚洲各国政府和人民的共同努力下，亚洲的发展正呈现出前所未有的良好态势， 突出表现在：亚洲巨大的市场潜能逐步得到开发，亚洲各国和地区经济结构调整的成效 显著，产业优化升级继续加快，经济持续快速发展，亚洲已成为全球经济最具活力的地 区之一。“我们说，要把握亚洲寻求共赢的新机会，这又是一个新机会。”

亚洲和平、稳定、发展的整体氛围，促进了亚洲区域合作进程的快速发展，一个平 等、多元、开放、互利的地区合作新局面正在逐步形成。特别是以东亚、东盟、中亚、 南盟、亚洲合作对话以及多双边自由贸易安排为标志，各种形式的区域、次区域经济合 作蓬勃发展。这同样也是一个新机会。

这些积极而重大的变化，既为推动亚洲区域合作提供了有利条件，也为亚洲各国和 地区的发展带来了历史性机遇。只要我们继续相互尊重、平等对待，把握发展的机会， 把握住自己的命运，就一定能够促进亚洲的发展与振兴，达致互利共赢的目标。

官方参考译文：

Asia is the home of all of us. Peace, stability and development in Asia are crucial to the well-being of the people in our region. We are heartened to see that just as the world today enjoys overall peace and stability, so Asia is in a relatively stable and peaceful period for development rarely seen in its history. We often say that Asia should seize an opportunity for win-win progress. Now we are faced with this important opportunity.

Thanks to the joint effort of the governments and peoples of Asian countries, Asia has registered an unprecedented sound momentum of development, marked by the unleashing of huge market potential, effective economic restructuring in various countries and areas, accelerating industrial upgrading and fast and sustained economic growth. This has made Asia one of the most dynamic regions in the world. This is another opportunity that Asia should seize to make win-win progress.

The overall peace, stability and development in Asia have led to fast progress in the regional cooperation process. A new type of regional cooperation based on equality, diversity,openness and mutual benefit is taking shape. Various regional and sub-regional economic cooperation mechanisms have grown in strength, which include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Asia

Cooperation Dialogue, those in East Asia and Central Asia, and multilateral and bilateral free trade arrangements. This is another opportunity that Asia should seize.

These positive and major developments have brought about both favorable conditions for regional cooperation and historical opportunities for the development of Asia. We should respect and treat each other as equals, seize the opportunities of development and hold our destiny in our own hands. As we do this, we will certainly achieve mutual benefit and win-win progress and promote development and rejuvenation of Asia.

其他参考译文：

A peaceful, stable and prosperous Asia bears on the collective destiny of the Asian community as a whole./ People of the Asian community/people across Asia have a shared stake in peace, stability and development of the continent. We in Asia are now delighted to embrace/welcome as yet the most exciting window of opportunity for building a peaceful,stable and prosperous continent amid peace and stability prevailing on the international landscape.

Asia is witnessing/seeing unprecedented/unrecorded strong momentum as a result of/thanks to concerted efforts of national governments and people across the continent. At的the moment, enormous market potential is getting unleashed/unlocked across Asia. Economic restructuring/rebalancing programs across the region have produced strong results/made visible differences, industrial upgrading is gaining pace, and economic growth is staying on a fast,sustained track. Asia as a whole has emerged as one of the most dynamic economies across the globe. This presents another exciting opportunity we must seize on for a win-win scenario in Asia.

A peaceful, stable and booming/thriving Asia overall has contributed to an emerging region-wide cooperation pattern that is open, strong, diversified, equality-based and mutually beneficial. We are seeing flourishing regional and sub-regional economic cooperation of all kinds, including cooperation dialogues and bilateral and multilateral free trade arrangements within and among East Asia, ASEAN, Central Asia, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation or SAARC and across Asia. This encouraging development presents yet another amazing opportunity in its own right.

These major positive developments have made it possible for closer Asia-wide cooperation and generated historic opportunities for all countries and territories in Asia as they seek to grow and prosper. Together, let us seize the opportunities out there and determine our collective destiny on the basis of mutual respect and equality as we have done before. That is how we can reinvigorate Asia for a win-win outcome for all.

试题二

国际经验与中国特色

中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要借鉴国际经验。同时，在和平崛起进程中，中 国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国 特色。

比如，在农业问题上，中国将努力走出一条新的节约型道路，即有中国特色的节约 方式。现在美国人均年消费石油 25 桶，而中国人均消费不到 1 桶半。如果中国人不顾自 己的条件，异想天开想做起“美国梦”，那我们对能源急切需求就会给自己，同事也会给人 类带来沉重的负担和无尽的麻烦。

又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条中国特色的城市化道路。 目前，中国农村劳动力有 5 亿多人，今后 20 年大约有两亿多人要转移出来，在这个问题 上，中国人不能做“欧洲梦”。欧洲在近代历史上，总共有 6000 多万人走到世界各地，到 处建立殖民地，改变了世界版图。21 世纪上半叶的中国人，只能在自己的国土上，通过 城市和农村的精心协调发展，通过引导农村富余劳动力在不丧失土地的条件下，在城乡 之间有序流动，来解决这个世界级的大难题。

官方参考译文：

International Experience and Chinese Characteristics

As a new comer striving for modernization, China is badly in need of drawing experience from international practice. At the same time, China must rely on itself to address and resolve problems arising in the process of her peaceful rise. In other words, China‟s modernization must beat its own unique characteristics.

For instance, with regard to energy issues, China is working hard to blaze a trail in energy conservation so as to shape up a China-style energy-saving approach. Currently, the American per capita annual consumption of oil is 25 barrels, while that for China is no more than a barrel and a half. Should the Chinese ignore their national conditions and indulge themselves in the wildest “American Dream”, the nation‟s desperate energy demands will undoubtedly bring heavy burden and endless trouble both to the Chinese people and the humankind as a whole.

Similarly, over the matter of migration of superfluous rural labor force to the city, China is sure to gradually find out the way towards urbanization stamped with Chinese characteristics.At present, China has a labor force of more than 500 million in the countryside, about 200 million of whom are expected to be migrated to the urban areas in the dream the“European dream”. In modern history, Europe has seen altogether over 60 million people depart for every corner of the world to establish colonies overseas, thereby changing the map of the world. For the Chinese people in the first half of the 21st century, however, they can only tackle this formidable universal problem within its own land, first by carefully coordinating urban and rural development and secondly, by providing guided and orderly flow of redundant rural labor force between the countryside and the city without

loss of their lands.

其他参考译文：

International Practice versus China‟s Own Way

As a late-starter in modernization endeavor, China is in dire need of international experience./ China needs to draw on best practices worldwide as it seeks to accelerate its ongoing modernization drive./ Global experiences are essential for China, a late-starter in its push for modernization./ China has to draw on what the world has to offer in its aggressive push for modernization. That said/Having said that/That being said, as China seeks a peaceful rise, it has to meet emerging challenges and identify viable solutions in ways that reflect its national reality. In other words, China must modernize itself in its own way.

(Globally, China has a lot to learn as a late-starter in its push for modernization. Yet domestically, China has to come up with its own solutions to problems that emerge along the way towards peaceful rise. In other words, China‟s modernization drive/program must carry Chinese features/go the Chinese way.)

For instance, China promises to/is set to/is on track to find out/identify/embrace an innovative way/(blaze a new trail) to be energy-conserving/consume less and produce more in agriculture, to be energy-conserving in the Chinese way. Americans consume 25 barrels of oil per person per year, as against a mere 1.5 barrels for their Chinese counterparts.

In this connection, should the Chinese fancy an American lifestyle irrespective of China‟s actualities on the ground, subsequent upsurges in demand for oil and other energy sources would mean/entail hefty/overwhelming/crushing burdens and untold trouble on China itself and the wider humanity/overwhelm availability and take a far-reaching toll on not only China itself but the broader global community.

When it comes to the transfer of surplus rural labor/When it comes to how we go about accommodating surplus rural labor, China is set to follow an urbanization path typical of its own. At this point, China is home to over 500 million rural laborers, and 20 years from now,roughly over 200 million farmers need to seek off-farm jobs. China can‟t blindly copy/replicate the European way to accommodate such a massive influx of rural labor into cities. In early modern Europe, over 60 million Europeans left home to build colonies elsewhere across the world. And they changed the face of the world map as a result. In China‟s case, however, we have to balance urban-rural development and facilitate the movement of rural laborers between farm work and urban jobs while keeping their farmland intact/banning or stamping out land expropriation/deprivation. That is how we go about addressing/crashing this most daunting conundrum within China‟s own territory in the first half of the new century.