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国际贸易之 信用证 Letter of Credit

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2020年08月25日

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国际贸易之 信用证 Letter of Credit

信用证是银行用以保证买方或进口方有支付能力的凭证(promissory note)。在国际贸易活动中,买卖双方可能互不信任。买方担心预付款付过后卖方不按合同要求发货;卖方也担心在发货或提交货运单据后买方不付款。因此需要两家银行作为买卖双方的中间人(intermediaries),代为收款、交单,以银行信用代替商业信用。信用证通常也要涉及一些具体文件,包含提单(bill of lading)、领事发票(consular invoice)、保险单(insurance policy)。此外,信用证还包括有效期截止时间(expiration date)。

买方要求(buyer request)

买方,也就是进口方,首先必须将货款交存银行并开信用证。信用证中将体现买卖双方达成的条件(terms of the sale)。然后该银行将通知异地卖方开户银行。

⊙I would like to apply for a letter of credit.我想申请信用证。

⊙The letter of credit functions as our contract with these guys.信用证就相当于我们和那些朋友们的合同。

⊙All the shipping requirements are listed in the letter of credit.所有的货运要求都在信用证中体现了。

⊙Here are the specifics that should be included in our letter of credit.这些内容都是要在信用证中包含的具体细节。

⊙Everything is documented in the letter of credit.在信用证中,所有的内容都有记录。

⊙When is the expiration date on the letter of credit?信用证的有效期截止到什么时候?

⊙Does the letter of credit detail insurance requirements?信用证中对保险的要求有描述吗?

⊙Let's set our transaction up with a letter of credit.让我们以信用证方式来交易。

审核(review)

一定要审核银行开的信用证内容。因为大部分信用证一旦开出就无法撤销(irrevocable)。同时也应该仔细检查提单(bill of landing)(副本)的内容,因为提单信息也将部分反映在信用证上。提单是卖方发货的指示性(instructions)文件。

⊙Do you see any mistakes?

你看到什么错误了吗?

⊙Everything looks good.看上去都挺好的。

⊙I think we need to make an amendment.我想我们得修改部分内容。

从进口方银行到出口方银行

信用证开出后,卖方将等待其开户行确认信息(wait for confirmation)。买方银行将会把信用证发给卖方银行确认信息。此后,卖方银行将准备一份确认函随同信用证一同发给(forward to)卖方。

⊙Has the letter of credit gone out to their bank yet?信用证已经发到他们的银行去了吗?

⊙How long do you expect to wait before the letter of credit is processed?你们还想等多久才开始开信用证?

确认

出口方在收到信用证并核对后,将按照信用证中出货条款(terms of conditions)联系货运代理商(freight forwarder),按照规定把货物运送到对应的港口或机场(port or airport)。

⊙The shipping date is confirmed for June 25th.发货时间确认为6月25日。

⊙The goods will be delivered to the Los Angeles port.货物将被运送到洛杉矶港。

确认和收货

进口方通过银行收到货物的确认信息,所有文件到齐后就可以提货(claim the goods)。另一方面,在货运代理商提取货物之后,进口方银行将按照规定时间(at the time specified)向出口方银行开支票或汇票(a check or draft),随后出口方银行再转账到卖方账户,交易结束。

⊙Everything's good to go, so you can claim your goods.一切都正常,你可以提货了。

⊙The freight can be received once the documentation is all in order.所有的单据正确提交后就可以收货了。

总结

信用证是国际贸易中最主要和最常见的支付形式。在国际贸易中,为了在最大程度上确保自身利益,买卖双方请银行做支付担保,以信用证的形式来降低风险。

Words 单词表

client客户

contract合同,契约

deliver交付

detail细节

expect期望,预期

goods产品

insurance保险

mistake错误

port 港口

process从事,进行

requirement必要条件,需要

responsible负有责任的

shipment装运,运输,运送

specific明确的,具体的,特定的

supplier供货商,供应商

Phrases 短语表

agree on the terms同意某些条款

be detailed out被详细描述

expiration date到期日,截止日期

freight forwarder货运代理

function as具……功能,起……作用

go out to the bank发给银行

hammer out(details)敲定(细节)

be included in包含在内

just barely勉强,刚刚

just yet但只要,恰好现在

look good看起来不错

make an amendment修改

make it that far做到那一步/那么快

put sth together组成整体,整理

receive word接到消息,得到风声

shipping date出货日期,货运时间

sign a contract签订合同

these guys这些家伙,这些朋友

实景对话1

A:What's happening with the shipment of goods from your supplier?How long do you expect to wait before the letter of credit is processed?Has the letter of credit gone out to their bank yet?

B:No, we haven't been able to make it that far yet. We've just barely agreed on the terms, so the next step is getting our letter of credit put together.

A:Did you sign a contract with them yet?

B:We don't need a contract just yet. The letter of credit functions as our contract with these guys.

A:So all the specifics about shipping and the like will be detailed out in the letter, right?Does the letter of credit detail insurance requirements?

B:Yep, we've already hammered out the details with the supplier. Here are the specifics that should be included in our letter of credit. Do you see any mistakes?

A:Let's see……The shipping date is confirmed for June 25th. The goodswill be delivered to the Los Angeles port.They're responsible for insurance……everything looks good.

A:你们供货商的那批货发运得怎么样了?你们还想等多久才开信用证?信用证已经发给他们的银行了吗?

B:没有,我们还没办法做到那一步。我们刚刚就交款达成一致。我们下一步的工作就是准备信用证。

A:你和他们签合同了吗?

B:我们还不需要合同。信用证就相当于我们和那些朋友的合同了。

A:所以,货运还有其他的相关内容都已经在信用证中详细描述了,对吗?信用证中包含保险条款吗?

B:是的。我们已经和供应商敲定了细节。这些都是应当在信用证中体现的具体条款。你发现有什么错误吗?

A:让我看看……货运时间确认为6月25日,货物将运抵洛杉矶港,他们负责保险费……看上去挺好。

实景对话2

A:Did your client apply for the letter of credit?

B:Yep. We received word from the bank yesterday.Everything is documented in the letter of credit.

A:What does the bill of landing say?

B:It requires us to deliver the goods to the Seattle port by September 20th.

A:I think we need to make an amendment, because our freight forwarder might not be able to make that deadline. Do you think we can negotiate a later date?

B:Probably.

A:When is the expiration date of the letter of credit?

B:Not until October. I think that will give us plenty of time to take care of everything.

A:Great.

A:你的客户已经申请信用证了吗?

B:是的,我们昨天从银行得到消息。所有的内容都已经记录在信用证中了。

A:那提单怎么说?

B:我们被要求在9月20号之前把货运送到西雅图港。

A:我想我们需要做一些修改,因为我们的货运代理没办法赶到时限之前运到。

你觉得我们能和他们磋商一下,把时间延后些吗?

B:可能吧。

A:信用证的有效期是什么时候?

B:直到10月份。我想我们有足够的时间来应付一切。

A:太好了。


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