VOA慢速英语: 联合国维和报告建议作出改变

UN Peacekeeping Report Advises Changes

U.N. peacekeepers from Serbia at a station along the Lebanese-Israeli border.

联合国维和报告建议进行改革
Peacekeeping operations are often criticized. In September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asked a group to study all of the UN peacekeeping and political missions.
维和部队总是被批评。2014年9月，联合国秘书长潘基文要求一个小组研究联合国的维和部队以及政治使命。
Jair van der Lign is head of peace operations research at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. His organization held meetings in Addis Ababa earlier this month to discuss African peacekeeping problems and ways to solve them. He wrote a report based on such meetings to give the panel more information.
杰克·范德·林是斯德哥尔摩国际和平研究所研究和平行动的负责人。他所在的组织这个月在阿迪斯阿贝巴讨论非洲维和问题，并找出解决办法。根据这些会议，他写了一份报告给专家小组更多的信息。
New problems
新问题
There are new problems for peacekeeping. One is that criminals and jihadists can easily cross some borders. These are borders that do not have strong security in place.
维和也有很多问题。其中一个问题是罪犯和圣战分子能够很容易地穿过边界线。这些边界线没有很有力的安全措施。
Another problem has to do with equipment. Mr. van der Lign says bombs killed many peacekeepers in Mali. The bombs are left in the road or carried by people. To be safe, the peacekeepers need vehicles with strong sides that resist bombs.
另一个问题是装备问题。杰克·范德·林表示在马里，炸弹炸死很多维和人员。炸弹被扔在道路上或者人携带炸弹。为了确保安全，维和人员需要两侧强劲能够抵抗炸弹的车辆。
"If you start to look at all the incidents, you will find most of the fatalities are the result of the IEDs that kill people because the vehicles they were traveling in were not IED-proof. So just making sure that particularly Chadian soldiers travel in Mali with the required armored personnel carriers would already save a lot of lives."
“如果你看看所有发生的事件，你会发现绝大多数的伤亡事件是因为简易爆炸装置，因为运动中的车辆没有防爆设施。因此，只要确保特别是在马里配备装甲人员输送车的乍得士兵能够挽救很多人的生命。”
The use of force
使用武力
The study found that people in countries where peacekeeping forces are working want them to use force to protect civilians. But the commanders may not always order their troops to use force. They do not want to put their troops in danger.
研究发现拥有维和部队的国家希望维和人员使用武力保护平民。但是指挥官也许不会总让他们的部队使用武力。他们不希望让自己的部队陷入危险中。
The report says although the troops have orders, or a mandate, to protect civilians, the politicians in the home country of the UN troops can also give orders to the commanders.
报告称尽管部队有命令或者又授权来保护平民，但是联合国部队所属国的政客仍然可以给指挥官下命令。
"That's why you see in some operations that the operations remain passive not necessarily because the mandate is passive, no quite often the mandate of an operation is very robust and says you should intervene and you should protect civilians. [It's] not because the force commander of the peace operation does not want to do it, but because the troop contributor, in the end, decides that they think it is too dangerous to protect civilians... in practice, there is a second line of command...and that's their own capitals. That is a problem the UN is aware of and trying to find solutions."
“这也就是为什么一些行动是被动的，因为授权的被动，行动的授权命令不总是很强势的。授权命令表示你应该介入保护平民百姓。不是因为维和部队的指挥官不想要保护平民，而是派兵的决定会让他们觉得保护平民是非常危险的…实际上还有第二道命令…他们自己首府的决定。这是联合国注意到的问题，而且正试图找到解决答案。”
Clear orders
明确的命令
Mr. Van der Lijn says the UN must be clear about the orders they give to peacekeeping troops. The troops might not have a mandate, or order to protect all civilians. Or, they may not have everything they need to protect all of the civilians in an area. When people expect protection, and the troops cannot provide it, the people get angry. This has happened in Mali, South Sudan, and the Eastern Congo.
杰克·范德·林表示联合国必须清楚他们给予维和部队的命令。维和部队也许没有得到授权或者保护所有平民的命令。当人们希望得到保护时，军队并不能给他们提供保护，这是人们就会愤怒。在马里、南苏丹和刚果东部发生过这种情况。
Cooperation versus sovereignty
合作与主权
Some who talked with the researchers said the weak borders mean that UN operations should take place in several countries at one time. This creates a question of sovereignty, or the right of a country to control what happens in its borders.
有些与研究者进行谈话的人表示薄弱的边界意味着联合国的行动应该在多个国家同时开展。这就产生一个主权的问题，或者说一个国家对边界线的控制权问题。
Mr. Van der Lijn thinks most countries will not agree to peacekeeping operations that cross national borders, because they do not want to give up their sovereignty. But, he says the UN should make plans for peace operations based on cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union and sub-regional organizations.
杰克·范德·林认为多数国家不同意维和行动跨越其国家边界线，因为他们不想放弃自己的主权。但是他表示联合国应该基于联合国与非洲联盟和区域组织之间的合作制定维和行动。
Paying for peacekeeping
维和部队的费用
The study found that there are also worries about the cost of peacekeeping. The countries that pay for it are mostly Western, industrialized countries. The countries that provide the troops are middle- and low-income states. They often complain about each other.
研究发现还有对于维和部队的费用担忧。支付维和部队花费的大多数是西方的工业化国家。而提供维和部队的国家都是中低收入的国家。他们经常相互抱怨。
Mr. Van der Lijn says over the last year payments to low-income countries providing soldiers has increased. This has helped the relationship, but it would also be good if those giving troops contributed money, and those giving money also sent troops. This exchange might help them understand each other better.
杰克·范德·林表示去年给低收入国家派出士兵报酬增加。这些做法缓和了双方的关系，但是如果这些派出军队的国家能够支付费用，而那些给钱的国家也能派出军队的话，这样更好。这样的交换有助于他们更好地理解彼此。
There are 16 peace operations with 120,000 UN personnel around the world. Nine of them, with about 81,000 personnel members, are in sub-Saharan Africa.
世界各地有16支维和行动小组，大约有12万的维和人员。其中有9支维和部队，大约8万1千人在撒哈拉以南的非洲。
I'm Kelly Jean Kelly
我是凯利·简·凯利。
William Eagle reported an wrote this story for VOA News. Dr. Jill Robbins wrote this story for Learning English. Mario Ritter was the editor.
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Words in This Story
peacekeeping - n. the preserving of peace; especially international enforcement and supervision of an agreement to stop fighting
IED - n. an improvised explosive device (a simple bomb made and used by unofficial or unauthorized forces)
mandate - n. an official order to do something
sovereignty - n. a country's independent authority and the right to govern itself
Now it's your turn. What do you think of the report's findings? Are there peacekeeping operations in your country? Do you have suggestions for the UN panel?