口语进阶-叙事口语材料：计算机的历史01

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原文及翻译

The first working computers in the 1950s and 1960s were large mainframe machines. In some ways, they were like large calculating machines. The US government, the military, and businesses and institutions used them for specific tasks; for example, they might be used to handle the payroll. 

20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代第一批投入使用的计算机是大型主机。在某些方面，它们就像大型计算机。美国政府、军队以及企业和机构将它们用于特定任务；例如，它们可能用于处理工资单。

As more uses were found for computers, the need to transfer data from one computer to another became a concern. In 1969, the US government sponsored a program to explore ways for computers to transfer data over telephone lines. The first internet was created with four computers linked together. Of course, computer use increased beyond anyone's expectations. 

随着计算机的用途越来越广泛，将数据从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机的需求也开始受到关注。1969 年，美国政府资助了一项计划，旨在探索计算机通过电话线传输数据的方式。第一个互联网是由四台计算机连接在一起创建的。当然，计算机的使用量超出了任何人的预期。

Standards were developed that described how data was to be transferred between computers. A common language for commands and communications emerged. Operating programs such as MS-DOS, Unix, Macintosh, and Windows came into existence. The internet quickly expanded beyond government and military uses. The PC became the standard form of computer, and private agencies acted as hosts for internet usage. 

开发了描述如何在计算机之间传输数据的标准。出现了用于命令和通信的通用语言。MS-DOS、Unix、Macintosh 和 Windows 等操作程序应运而生。互联网迅速扩展到政府和军事用途之外。个人电脑成为计算机的标准形式，私人机构充当互联网使用的主机。

Around 1982, there were 200 and 13 hosts; by 1986, there were 2,300. Today, there are millions. The role of computers expanded so quickly that the USSR, which had discouraged computer use, found itself left behind by the USA. Part of the reason for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 was that they had fallen too far behind the United States in high-tech areas to ever catch up. 

1982 年左右，有 200 台个人电脑和 13 台主机；到 1986 年，计算机数量已达 2,300 台。如今，计算机数量已达数百万台。计算机的作用迅速扩大，以至于不鼓励使用计算机的苏联发现自己被美国甩在了后面。苏联于 1989 年解体的部分原因是他们在高科技领域远远落后于美国，永远无法赶上。

One of the most popular uses of the computer is electronic mail or email. You can send a letter by computer over the internet to anywhere in the world in seconds—or less—and it doesn't cost anything extra. Now, data can be transferred great distances almost instantaneously.

计算机最流行的用途之一是电子邮件。您可以在几秒钟内（甚至更短的时间内）通过互联网将信件发送到世界任何地方，而且无需额外付费。现在，数据几乎可以即时传输到很远的距离。

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