托福阅读如何看穿陷阱题型？易错题应对思路实例分析
托福阅读偷换概念陷阱题实例讲解
托福阅读想要取得高分，我们一定要警惕其中的陷阱题型，比如偷换概念题。下面我们一起来看一道题：
例题：
Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as theymature.
B. They support many species when theyreach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.
思路解析：
推断题(inference question)和事实信息题、否定信息题一样，以“找关键词+定位”为切入点。本题的关键词是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句：Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 这句话的意思是：例如，红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。
看懂了这句话的我们立即迫不及待的去搜索选项，却发现这句话的内容是无法与任何选项匹配的。于是，我们意识到，只阅读这句话的信息量是不够的，我们需要关注推断题定位范围的放大现象。关注到本句中有个关键词：for example, 意味着本句是例子，一定和前句的内容相关。所以我们来看前句： At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。发现三个选项中关键词climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都可以找到对应，并且B，D选项都与这句话所叙述内容相反可以很容易排除。
接下来我们来看C选项：They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同学就卡在这里了，他们认为原文说在温带地区，最多物种是在演替过程中，而不是在顶级群落，说明物种多样性和温带地区相关，没有证据表明redwood forest和温带地区相关，于是很多同学在纠结之后选到了A选项： They become lessstable as they mature. 当它们成熟的时候它们变得更不稳定了。这类同学认为Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少，然后想当然的认为物种减少就代表稳定性降低，但是我们仔细读第一句：Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。简单来说，本句表达的含义是：稳定性和最大多样性是没有关联的，所以不能选A。
实际上这道题是典型的主题+例证类推理题，例子是来说明主题的，所以例子的特征应该是与主题中所描述的特征一致的，即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.
所以，同学们一定要警惕片面的追求选项和原文间信息的匹配，忽略了“选项首先对问题负责”这一基本的答题态度，最终导致学生根本无法识别ETS命题组精心编织的偷换概念类的选项特征。
