托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：从再分配到正式贸易

　　The change from redistribution to formal trade—often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency—was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world.

　　结构分析：

　　复合句，在插入语中含有that引导的定语从句。

　　句子分析：

　　The change from redistribution to formal trade,the change主语，from redistribution to formal trade,定语。本部分意思：从再分配到正式贸易的变化。

　　was closely tied to growing political and social complexity and hence to the development of the state in the ancient world中，was closely tied to….and hence to 谓语(后面hence to,也受tied管制)，growing political and social complexity,宾语，同时the development 也是宾语，of the state in the ancient world 定语部分。本部分意思：与政治和社会复杂性以及古代世界国家的发展有密切联系。

　　插入语often based on regulated commerce that perhaps involved fixed prices and even currency中，based on regulated commerce, 定语修饰formal trade, that 定语从句，修饰commerce，that充当主语，involved 谓语，fixed prices and even currency, 宾语。本部分意思：正式贸易通常是基于受调控的贸易，这种贸易涉及固定的价格甚至货币。

　　参考翻译：

　　从再分配到正式贸易的变化与政治和社会复杂性以及古代世界国家的发展有密切联系(正式贸易通常是基于受调控的贸易，这种贸易涉及固定的价格甚至货币。)