托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：导管和坚硬的物质木质素

　　These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.

　　词汇讲解：

　　vessel /'ves(ə)l/ n. 船(尤指大船)，舰;容器, 器皿;管状结构，血管，导管

　　photosynthetic /ˌfəutəsin'θetik/ adj. 光合作用的

　　stiffen /'stɪfn/vt. (使某物)变得(更加)坚硬﹑僵硬

　　lignin /'lɪgnɪn/n. ‘化学’木质素

　　结构划分：

　　These include conducting vessels (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) and (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) and the stiffening substance lignin, (which support the plant body), (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.)

　　深度分析：

　　修饰一：(that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels

　　中文：从根部向上运输水与矿物质

　　修饰二：(that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels，注意其中有个from to的介词短语，从叶子到植物体的其余部分

　　中文：从叶子向植物体内其余各部分运输光合作用产物

　　修饰三：(which support the plant body) ，从句，修饰substance lignin

　　中文：维持植物体的生命

　　修饰四：(helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) ，非谓语动词

　　中文：有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下

　　参考翻译：

　　这些包括导管(用来从根部向上运输水与矿物质以及从叶子向植物体其余各部分运输光合作用产物)和坚硬的物质木质素(用来维持植物体的生命，有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下)。