英语语法入门：第二部分第3章 名词性从句

在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。连接主语从句的连接词主要有有三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。

1.从属连词

从属连词主要有三个that, whether, if。从属连词在从句中不作任何成分。

I didn’t know that you would come until Friday. 直到星期五我才知道你要来。

Whether you can succeed depends on yourself. 成功与否取决于你自己。

2.连接代词

连接代词在从句中起名词的作用, 作主语、宾语、表语、定语等, 一般表示疑问。

who 谁 whom 谁(宾格) whose 谁的 what 什么 which 哪一个 whoever 究竟是谁 whomever 究竟是谁(宾格) whosever 究竟是谁的 whatever 究竟是什么 whichever 究竟是哪一个

P>Who will be chosen to be in charge of the company hasn’t been decided. 选谁负责这个公司还没决定。

What measures should be taken depends on the situation. 采取什么措施要根据情况而定。

3.连接副词

连接副词在从句中起副词的作用, 作状语, 一般表示疑问, 但有时可不表示疑问。

when 什么时候 where 在哪里 why 为什么 how 如何 whenever 究竟是什么时候

wherever 究竟在哪里 however 究竟如何

When we shall meet again is unknown. (when在从句中作时间状语, 表示疑问。)

我们何时才能相见还不知道呢。

I still remember when we lived together in Japan. (when在从句中作时间状语, 表示陈述。)

我依然记得我们在日本一起生活过的日子。

B.that置于句首的主语从句

1.that置于句首的主语从句

从属连词that在主语从句中不作任何成分, 只起连接从句的作用。

That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.

他要来参加会议使我们每一个人都十分激动。

That in some countries women are still not treated unequally is unfair.

在一些国家妇女仍然不被平等对待是不公平的。

2. 形式主语it替代主语从句

常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有如下几种：

① It +系动词+形容词+that从句

常用于这种结构的形容词常见的有

necessary 必要的 right 正确的 likely 可能的 unlikely 不可能的 wrong 错误的 important 重要的 certain 明确的 clear 清晰的 obvious 明显的 strange 奇怪的 natural 自然的

It is certain that most of the farmers have brought in more money by all means.

很明显, 大多数农民通过各种方式赚了更多钱。

It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow. 很可能明天会有一场暴风雪。

② It+系动词+名词+that从句

常用于这种句型的名词有

a pity 遗憾 a shame 遗憾、耻辱 good news 好消息 a fact 事实

an honour 荣耀 a wonder 奇迹 no wonder 难怪

It is a pity that you didn’t attend the lecture yesterday. 你昨天没参加讲座真是遗憾。

It’s no wonder that you’ve achieved so much success. 难怪你取得了这么多成功。

③ It+be+动词的-ed+that从句

常用于这种结构的动词的-ed形式有

said 据说 told 有人告诉 heard 有人听说 reported 据报导

decided 做出决定 suggested 有人建议 advised 有人建议 ordered 根据命令

remembered 有人记得 thought 有人认为 considered 据认为 well known 著名

hoped 有人希望 an nounced 据宣布 pointed out 有人指出 found out 据查明

worked out 据计算、制定出 turn out 结果

3.It +特殊动词+that从句

常用于这种结构的特殊动词有：

seem 看上去 appear 显得 happen 碰巧 matter 重要

It seems to me that you object to the plan. 在我看来, 你好像反对这个计划。

It happened to me that I had been away when he called. 他打电话时, 我正好不在家。

4.that主语从句的疑问形式

其疑问形式和一般句子的疑问形式一样。

Was it decided that they should start the project the next month? 他们下月开始这项工程已经定了吗?

Did it happen to you that you had been out when he called?

他打电话时, 你正好不在家吗?

注意：

①that引导的句子是一个完整的陈述句子。

②that引导的主语从句可用形式主语it 替代，将it置前，作形式主语，而把that从句置于句尾。从句放于句首时that不可省略，从句放于句尾时that一般不能省略，口语中偶尔可以省略。

如上面的句子常用下面的形式表达：

it has excited every one of us (that) he will come to the conference.

It is unfair (that) in some countries women are still not treated equally.

C.if/whether引导的主语从句

whether引导的主语从句可置于句首, 但由if引导的主语从句不能置于句首, 只能放于句末。

Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.

It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time.

It is doubtful if the work can be completed on time.

这项工作能否按时完成还值得怀疑呢。

D.wh-类连接词引导的主语从句

wh-类连接词包括wh-类的连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever等)和连接副词(when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等)。what, when和wh-ever类的词有时可不表示疑问。

wh-类连接副词或连接代词引导的主语从句可放于句首也可放于句尾, 放于句尾需要用形式主语替代wh-从句。

Whoever will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided yet.

(可转化为It hasn’t been decided yet whoever will be in charge of the project.)

谁来负责这项工程还没有决定。

When the new road is open to traffic has not been made clear.

(可转化为It has not been made clear when the new road is open to traffic.)

什么时候这条路开通还没公开。

What we can’t get seems better than what we already have.

(不可转化为It seems better than what we have what we can’t get.)

我们得不到的东西似乎比我们拥有的东西好。

What we should do next remains unknown. (what在从句作宾语, 表示疑问。) 我们下一步该干什么还不知道。

What(=The things that)the lecturer said is of great value.

(what在从句中作宾语, 表示陈述。) 主讲人所讲的非常有价值。

二、宾语从句

在句子中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语可分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。

A.宾语从句的连接词

连接宾语从句的连接词主要有以下三类。

1.从属连词

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, whether, if。

that引导表示陈述的宾语从句, whether和if引导表示“是、否”的宾语从句。

Do you know that two US college students created an “online marketplace” on campus?

你知道两个美国大学生在校园内创办了一个网上市场吗?

He wondered whether he passed this year’s IELTS. 他不知道自己是否通过了今年的雅思考试。

Nobody knows if he likes school or not. 没人知道他是否喜欢上学。

2.连接代词

连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever,

whatever, which ev er等。

连接代词一般指疑问, 但what, whatever除了指疑问之外, 也可指陈述。

Do you know who has won the Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?

I don’t know whom you should depend on? 我不知道你该依靠谁。

This book will show you what the best CEO should know. 这本书会告诉你最好CEO的应该了解什么。

Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Nokia walkie-talkie or a Motorola cell phone?

你决定好买诺基亚无线话机呢还是买摩托罗拉手机?

3.连接副词

连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。

He didn’t tell me when we would meet again. 他没告诉我什么时候我们再相见。

Could you please show me how you read the new panel?

你能否给我展示一下你如何辨认这个新的操作盘?

None of us knows where these new accessories can be bought. 我们中没人知道这些零件在哪里可以买到。

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