外国人最想和你聊的文化话题：咖啡

　Realize Coffee Origin and Culture　了解咖啡的起源和文化

     1　咖啡的起源和咖啡文化
     One popular story about the discovery of coffee long ago is about Kaldi, a keeper of goats Kaldi was taking care of his goats in the highlands of Ethiopia where coffee trees have grown for centuries. He noticed that his goats became very excited and active after eating small fruits from a tree.
     Kaldi reported this discovery to a group of religious workers. When they made a drink out of the fruit, the religious workers realized they could stay awake for long hours of prayer. This knowledge about coffee soon spread all over the world.
     You might enjoy a cup of coffee at your local coffee shop. But coffee is part of an international industry. Research shows that as many as one-third of the people in the world drink coffee. Some people drink coffee for its rich smell and taste. Others like the awakening effect of caffeine, a chemical in coffee. But not everyone may know the story of coffee and how it is produced.
     Coffee trees are native to eastern Africa and areas of the Arabian Peninsula. Coffee was first grown and traded in the fifteenth century. Most coffee came from what is now Yemen. Soon, coffee was in high demand all over the Middle East. By the seventeenth century coffee had been introduced to Europe. European traders started bringing coffee plants to other parts of the world. The Dutch brought coffee to the islands of Indonesia. And by the twentieth century, most of the world's production came from Central and South America. Today, Brazil is the largest producer of coffee in the world.
     Most people know what a coffee bean looks like, but what about the plant? Coffee trees can grow up to nine meters high, but they are cut short for production. These trees have shiny dark green leaves that grow on opposite sides of each other on a stem. The plant produces a fruit that is called a coffee cherry.
     When the coffee cherries are ripe and ready to pick, they are bright, red and firm. Inside the fruits are the green coffee beans. After these beans are roasted at high temperatures they are ready to be made into a drink.
     2　常见咖啡种类的表达方式
     （1）black coffee　黑咖啡
     Black coffee is coffee without milk or cream, so you can taste the real flavor of coffee.
     （2）white coffee　白咖啡
     Ipoh "white" coffee is a popular coffee drink which originated in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. The coffee beans are roasted with palm-oil margarine, and the resulting coffee is served with condensed milk.
     （3）Cappuccino　卡布奇诺
     A cappuccino is an Italian coffee drink prepared with espresso, hot milk, and steamed-milk froth.
     （4）Caffè latte　拿铁咖啡
     A latte is a coffee drink made with espresso and steamed milk.
     （5）Caffè Mocha　摩卡咖啡
     It is typically one third espresso and two thirds steamed milk, but a portion of chocolate is added, typically in the form of sweet cocoa powder
     （6）American Coffee/Americano　美式咖啡　Caramel　Macchiato 焦糖玛奇朵
     Espresso　　　　　　　　　意式浓缩咖啡
     flavored-coffee　　　　　 加味咖啡
     咖啡店供应的许多品种的咖啡有各种各样的添加调味剂，如巧克力、酒、薄荷、丁香、柠檬汁、奶油、奶精等，各民族的人喝咖啡的口味也不同。常见的咖啡种类有：黑咖啡，白咖啡，意式浓缩咖啡，拿铁咖啡，摩卡咖啡，卡布奇诺，鸳鸯，爱尔兰咖啡。咖啡，可以陪伴自己度过许多惬意的时光。但是咖啡如过度食用则会中毒、上瘾，产生一系列的不良反应。
Part 2　Key words ＆ Sentences　关键词语全知道
     Give me a decaf triple vente, 2 pump vanilla, non-fat, extra hot, stirred, no foam caramel macchiato with whip cream and caramel sauce top and bottom.
     给我一杯热的、无咖啡因和泡沫的香草糖浆脱脂加奶油浓缩式焦糖玛奇朵咖啡。
     The advent of big business coffee powerhouses like Starbucks has transformed coffee-drinking into an extremely popular and profitable industry that is quickly spreading across the globe.
     像星巴克这样的大型商业咖啡连锁店的出现已经将传统的咖啡饮品转变成一种盈利的流行产业，并且在全世界范围内迅速发展。
     Coffee has a history dating back to at least the 9th century and has been a catalyst for social interaction across cultures and eras.
     咖啡的历史可以追溯到9世纪，并被看成是一种超越文化和时代限制、促进社会交往的催化剂。
     Originally discovered in Ethiopia, coffee beans were brought into the Middle East by Arab traders, spreading to Egypt, Yemen, Persia, Turkey, and North Africa by the 15th century.
     最初埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡豆，阿拉伯商人将其带往中东地区，并在15世纪传播到埃及、也门、波斯、土耳其和北非。
     Where there has been coffee, there has been the coffeehouse.
     哪里有咖啡，哪里就有咖啡屋。
     Coffeehouses have traditionally served as centers of social interaction, places where people can come to relax, chat, and exchange ideas.
     咖啡馆自古以来就是一个供人们休息、聊天、交流思想和进行社会交往的中心。
     The modern coffee shop is modeled on the espresso and pastrycentered Italian coffeehouses that arose with the establishment of Italian-American immigrant communities in major US cities.
     现代咖啡馆借鉴意大利咖啡馆的浓缩咖啡和圆心馅饼模式，以至于在很多美国的大城市出现了一系列意大利裔移民聚集区。
     New York coffee shops were often frequented by the Beats in the 1950's. It wasn't long before Seattle and other parts of the Pacific Northwest were developing coffee shops as part of a thriving counterculture scene.
     在20世纪50年代，"垮掉派"也是咖啡馆的常客。不久在西雅图和太平洋西北部的城市也出现了越来越多的咖啡馆，并且迅速发展成为反传统文化的中心。
     Although coffeehouses today continue to serve their traditional purpose as lively social hubs in many communities, they have noticeably adapted to the times.
     尽管今天的咖啡馆仍然像过去一样，在很多地方扮演着社会活动中心的角色，但它们显著的特点是适应时代。
     Rediscovering their purpose as centers of information exchange and communication, many coffee shops now provide their customers with internet access and newspapers. It has become extremely common to see someone sitting at a Starbucks listening to music or surfing the web on his or her laptop.
     重新作为信息交换和谈论的中心，咖啡馆为客人提供上网的途径和报刊杂志。在星巴克看见有人听歌或用笔记本上网是极为平常的事情。
     Coffee stores today also maintain a fairly identifiable, yet unique aesthetic：wooden furniture and plush couches, paintings and murals drawn on walls.
     直到今天，咖啡馆仍然保持其清晰独特的审美品味：木制的家具、舒适的沙发，以及墙上的彩绘和壁画。
     Coffee, it would seem, is more than just a drink. From early on after its inception, coffee has been tied closely with cultural trends and has been indicative of important periods in history.
     可以说，咖啡已经不仅仅是一种饮料。自始至终，它都和文化发展紧密相联并且成为历史重要时期的象征。
     Coffee was poured into the cups of the giants of the French Enlightenment as they changed the course of human thought, it was placed on the backs of Brazilian slaves in the era of Imperialism, its fragrance was in the air as Beat poets like Kerouac and Ginsberg wrote of their alienation.
     咖啡在改变了人类思想进程的法国启蒙运动巨人们的杯中缓缓流动；咖啡是帝国主义时代巴西奴隶肩上沉重的负担；咖啡在"垮掉派诗人"凯鲁亚克和金斯堡描写孤独寂寥的空气中肆意飘香。
     People in Seattle love coffee. Some say it's because Seattle has many rainy days and people need coffee to be happy. Others say coffee shops are popular because Seattle people are very laid-back and relaxed.
     西雅图人喜爱咖啡。有人将这归之于西雅图气候多雨，因此人们需要咖啡来保持心情愉快。也有人认为咖啡馆之所以风行是因为西雅图人生活闲适、惬意。
     Though coffee was already a popular drink elsewhere in Europe, Kolschitzky added cream and sugar to improve its bitter taste.
     虽然咖啡在欧洲的其他地方已经是大众化的饮料了，但是高西斯基加入了奶油和糖以改善咖啡的苦味。
     Coffee shops around the world are still places where people can relax and chat with friends.
     全世界的咖啡馆仍是人们放松、与朋友闲聊的地方。