外国人最想和你聊的时事话题：核安全
- 双语介绍
- 关键词句
What is Nuclear Safety 什么是核安全
Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses.
The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly. Nuclear weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by agencies different from those that oversee civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy.
Nuclear material may be hazardous if not properly handled or disposed of. Experiments of near critical mass-sized pieces of nuclear material can pose a risk of a criticality accident. David Hahn, "The Radioactive Boy Scout" who tried to build a nuclear reactor at home, serves as an excellent example of a nuclear experimenter who failed to develop or follow proper safety protocols. Such failures raise the specter of radioactive contamination.
Even when properly contained, fission byproducts which are no longer useful generate radioactive waste, which must be properly disposed of. Spent nuclear fuel that is recently removed from a nuclear reactor will generate large amounts of decay heat which will require pumped water cooling for a year or more to prevent overheating. In addition, material exposed to neutron radiation-present in nuclear reactors-may become radioactive in its own right, or become contaminated with nuclear waste. Additionally, toxic or dangerous chemicals may be used as part of the plant's operation, which must be properly handled and disposed of.
The next nuclear plants to be built will likely be Generation III or III+ designs, and a few such are already in operation in Japan. Generation IV reactors would have even greater improvements in safety. These new designs are expected to be passively safe or nearly so, and perhaps even inherently safe (as in the PBMR designs).
Some improvements made (not all in all designs) are having three sets of emergency diesel generators and associated emergency core cooling systems rather than just one pair, having quench tanks (large coolant-filled tanks) above the core that open into it automatically, having a double containment (one containment building inside another), etc.
However, safety risks may be the greatest when nuclear systems are the newest, and operators have less experience with them. Nuclear engineer David Lochbaum explained that almost all serious nuclear accidents occurred with what was at the time the most recent technology. He argues that "the problem with new reactors and accidents is twofold: scenarios arise that are impossible to plan for in simulations； and humans make mistakes". As one director of a U.S. research laboratory put it, "fabrication, construction, operation, and maintenance of new reactors will face a steep learning curve: advanced technologies will have a heightened risk of accidents and mistakes. The technology may be proven, but people are not".
核物质（nuclear matter）如果不进行适当处理，可能会有很大的危害性。根据实验，接近临界质量（critical mass）的核物质具有发生临界事故（criticality accident）的危险。
即使裂变(atomic fission)的副产物被适当封装，当它们不再有用时依然会产生放射性废物(radioactive waste)。这些放射性废物必须使用适当的手段进行处理。另外，核反应堆中暴露在中子辐射(neutron radiation)下的物质可能含有放射性，或者被其他放射性废物污染。还有，在核电站的运行过程中，可能会需要一些有毒的危险化学物质(chemical substances)，这些物质也必须用适当的手段来处理。
The governments should strengthen supervision and management over nuclear security and nuclear radiation.
各国政府应当强化核安全和核辐射环境监督管理。
The Kemeny Commission also found that because NRC's primary focus had been on licensing, there was insufficient attention to the ongoing process of assuring nuclear safety.
克米尼委员会还发现，由于核监视委员会一直关注的是批准许可证，所以对确保核安全正在运行的程序注意不够。
By the year 2001, China has signed 35 bilateral environmental cooperation documents and 14 bilateral nuclear safety cooperation documents with 28 countries such as USA, Japan and Canada.
截至2001年，中国已同美国、日本、加拿大等28个国家签订了35个双边环境合作文件和14个双边核安全合作文件。
However, some nuclear safety experts have downplayed these differences, questioning whether U.S. plants could contain a steam explosion like that at Chernobyl.
然而，一些核安全专家低估了这些区别，提出疑问，美国的核电厂是否会像切尔诺贝利核电厂一样发生气体爆炸。
In this article it is discussed the nuclear safety requirements and the basis of the requirements, and the background of making these nuclear safety requirements from the point of view of CANDU planned outage nuclear safety management.
本文主要是从CANDU堆停堆大修期间的核安全管理方面论述CANDU大修期间的核安全要求及依据以及制定这些核安全要求的背景。
The emergency planning and site selecting criteria of the commercial nuclear heating plant are discussed within the framework of Chinese and IAEA nuclear safety codes and guidelines.
此外，在我国和国际核安全法规和准则框架内还讨论了核供热站的应急计划和选址准则。
The international and national activities for improving nuclear safety regulation after Chernobyl accidents are presented in this paper.
自苏联切尔诺贝利核电厂事故发生以来，国内外为加强核安全管理进行了大量的工作。本文对核安全法规和管理实践的发展作了简要的阐述。
From the aspect of RTG structure, the paper analyzed nuclear safety of RTG and indicated its distribution, quantities, status of service and existent crisis in Russia.
本文从结构设计上分析了放射性同位素温差发电器的核安全问题，阐明了其在俄罗斯的分布情况、数量、服役状态和存在的危机。
In order to improve safety,economy and reliability of operation for nuclear power plant(NPP),a novel integrated managing method was proposed based on the(ideas) of computer and contemporary integrated manufacturing system(CIMS).
为提高核电站运行的安全性、可靠性和经济性，以计算机集成制造系统与现代集成制造系统(CIMS)的"集成"思想为指导，提出了核安全集成管理的新方法。
To counter the threat of nuclear terrorism, IAEA is expanding its ability to review the security of nuclear facilities in its member States, identify necessary security upgrades, and organize contributions to carry out those upgrades.
为防止核恐怖主义威胁，原子能机构正在加强其在以下领域的能力：检查成员国的核安全、确定何处必须进行安全措施升级， 并筹集捐助以进行这种升级。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 开始交流吧！
Richard: What's the most dangerous occupation?
理查德：最危险的职业是什么？
Betty: Soldiers. They have to carry out many dangerous tasks.
贝蒂：军人。他们要执行很多危险的任务。
Richard: Yeah. It's reported that in 1956, the British military had sent hundreds of soldiers to Monte Bello Is. to test the effect of the nuclear blast on human body.
理查德：是啊。报道称英国军方在1956年将数百名士兵派往蒙特贝洛群岛，以测试核爆对人体的影响。
Betty: Have the soldiers said no?
贝蒂：士兵们有没有拒绝执行？
Richard: No. You know, obedience is the first duty of a soldier.
理查德：没有。你知道，军人以服从命令为天职。
Betty: What happened to them after the test?
贝蒂：测试完之后，他们怎么样了？
Richard: Many of them got ill. And many of them had the typical symptoms of nuclear radiation.
理查德：许多士兵病倒了。许多人出现了遭受核辐射后的典型症状。
Betty: What're the typical symptoms?
贝蒂：有什么典型症状？
Richard: Tooth loss and trichomadesis.
理查德：牙齿脱落和脱发。
Betty: The damage produced by nuclear radiation is terrible!
贝蒂：核辐射的危害太可怕了！
Richard: Indeed, this nuclear leak in Japan will bear away many lives.
理查德：的确，这次的日本核泄漏又会夺走很多人的性命。
Betty: In World War Two, the atomic bombs air-dropped by America almost destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
贝蒂：二战时美国向日本投放的原子弹使得广岛和长崎几近毁灭。
Richard: The tragedy repeats again.
理查德：这次可以说是悲剧的重演。
Betty: Now, all countries are using nuclear energy to develop their military forces.
贝蒂：各国现在都在利用核能发展军事力量。
Richard: That's not good news, and human beings will die out if nuclear war breaks out in the future.
理查德：这可不是一个好消息，如果未来爆发核战争，人类将会面临灭亡。
Betty: It is dangerous even nuclear energy is used in normal productive development.
贝蒂：即使将核能用于正常生产发展也是很危险的。
Richard: Therefore, countries should formulate nuclear safety laws and regulations except for strengthening the nuclear safety measurements.
理查德：所以各国应当制订核安全的法律法规并加强核安全措施。
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