外国人最想和你聊的时事话题：土地利用
- 双语介绍
- 关键词句
What is land use 什么是土地利用
Land use is the human use of land. Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. It has also been defined as "the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it" (FAO, 1997a； FAO/UNEP, 1999).
Land use practices vary considerably across the world. The United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization Water Development Division explains that "Land use concerns the products and/or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management actions(activities) carried out by humans to produce those products and benefits." As of the early 1990s, about 13％ of the Earth was considered arable land, with 26％ in pasture, 32％ forests and woodland, and 1.5％ urban areas.
As Albert Guttenberg (1959) wrote many years ago, "'Land use'is a key term in the language of city planning." Commonly, political jurisdictions will undertake land use planning and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid land use conflicts. Land use plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations, such as zoning regulations.
Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water, soil, nutrients, plants and animals. Land use information can be used to develop solutions for natural resource management issues such as salinity and water quality. For instance, water bodies in a region that has been deforested or having erosion will have different water quality than those in areas that are forested.
The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate regions. More recent significant effects of land use include urban sprawl, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization, and desertification. Land-use change together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide, a dominant greenhouse gas.
According to a report by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organisation, land degradation has been exacerbated where there has been an absence of any land use planning, or of its orderly execution, or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions, or one-sided central planning leading to overutilization of the land resources-for instance for immediate production at all costs. As a consequence the result has often been misery for large segments of the local population and destruction of valuable ecosystems. Such narrow approaches should be replaced by a technique for the planning and management of land resources that is integrated and holistic and where land users are central. This will ensure the long-term quality of the land for human use, the prevention or resolution of social conflicts related to land use, and the conservation of ecosystems of high biodiversity value.
土地利用率（land utilization rate）指已利用的土地面积与土地总面积之比，一般用百分数（percentage）表示，是反映土地利用程度（land use degree）的数量指标。
衡量土地利用率的主要指标（index）包括：
(1) 农业土地利用率（agricultural land utilization rate）。
(2) 非农业土地利用率(non-agricultural land utilization rate)。指一个地区或农业生产单位非农业用地（包括城镇居民点、工矿、交通、旅游、军事等的占地）占土地总面积。
(3) 垦殖指数(cultivation index)。
(4) 复种指数(multiple-cropping index)。在土地开发利用过程中，必须在不造成水土流失(water and soil erosion)和破坏生态环境的原则下，将一切可以开发利用的土地资源，因地制宜地加以充分合理的开发利用，以提高土地利用率。
Regulation will continue to play an important role in land-use policy.
规章将继续在土地利用政策中起重要的作用。
Land-use conflict is almost guaranteed by the nature of our political and economic systems.
土地利用冲突基本上受到政治和经济制度性质的保护。
Much of the future debate about land-use policy will concern the most appropriate relationship among federal, state, and local governments.
将来很多有关土地利用政策的争论会涉及国家、州和地方政府间的融洽关系。
Land use will no doubt continue to shift back and forth between agriculture and forestry as well as other uses in the free market.
土地利用无疑将继续在农业、林业以及自由市场上的其他用途间来回变动。
General plans for land use at the county level should define the areas and purposes of land use.
县级土地利用总体规划应当划分土地利用区，明确土地用途。
General plans for land use at a lower level shall be compiled according to the general plans for the utilization of land at the next higher level.
下级土地利用总体规划应当依据上一级土地利用总体规划编制。
The examination and approval procedures for the compilation of annual land use plans shall be the same as that for the general plans for land use. Once approved, they shall be implemented strictly.
土地利用年度计划的编制审批程序与土地利用总体规划的编制审批程序相同，一经审批下达，必须严格执行。
General plans for land use shall be examined and approved level by level.
土地利用总体规划实行分级审批。
What is land uses overall planning?
什么是土地利用总体规划?
The State shall compile general plans to set usages of land including those of farm or construction use or unused.
国家编制土地利用总体规划，规定土地用途，将土地分为农用地、建设用地和未利用地。
1:50 000 Actuality Map of Land Use is one basic data of land use investigate.
1∶50 000土地利用现状图是土地利用研究的基础数据之一。
Without approval, the usages of land defined in the general plans for the utilization of land shall not be changed.
未经批准，不得改变土地利用总体规划确定的土地用途。
Land should be used strictly in line with the purposes of land use defined in the general plan for the utilization of the land whether by units or individuals.
使用土地的单位和个人必须严格按照土地利用总体规划确定的用途使用土地。
No party shall change the utilization status of the land before the disputes over ownership and use right are settled.
在土地所有权和使用权争议解决前，任何一方不得改变土地利用现状。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 开始交流吧！
Jonson: Hello, Brian.
强森：你好，布赖恩。
Brian: Hello, did you have lunch?
布赖恩：你好，刚刚吃过饭吗？
Jonson: Yes. Do you kwon that the price of meal increases in canteen.
强森：是的。你知道吗，这些天食堂的饭菜又涨价了。
Brian: Yes, the 8 Yuan set meal has increased to 10 Yuan.
布赖恩：是啊，原来8元的套餐已经涨到10元了。
Jonson: It seems that the price of vegetables rises again.
强森：看来蔬菜又涨价了。
Brian: I heard that the rural areas suffer a crop failure and many vegetables rot before harvest.
布赖恩：我听说今年的收成不好，很多蔬菜都在收割前就烂掉了。
Jonson: How dose it happen?
强森：怎么会发生这种情况？
Brian: Some vegetable growers sow excessive seeds in the limited land in order to cultivate more vegetables and therefore lead to the lack of nutrient of soil.
布赖恩：有些菜农为了种植更多的蔬菜，在有限的土地上播种了过多的蔬菜种子，从而导致了土地营养不够。
Jonson: Are there ample land in rural areas?
强森：农村不是有广阔的土地吗？
Brian: Many lands are not suit for growing because of over fertilization. In addition, the trend that population moving into cities and the increasingly enlarged land occupation arise the contradiction between urban land and other departments of national economy, especially agricultural land.
布赖恩：由于过量施肥，很多土地已经不能用于种植。此外人口向城市集中的趋势和城市占地面积的日益扩大，引起城市用地与国民经济其他部门用地，特别是与农业用地的矛盾。
Jonson: It is caused by human behavior after all.
强森：看来还是由人类的行为所致。
Brian: What's more, because of the technology progress and the improvement of capability of refom and utilize natural environment, the problems such as environment pollution and ecological balance breaking will happen without adequate dealing, which always express on land use.
布赖恩：不仅如此，由于技术进步，人类改造、利用自然环境的能力日益提高，如稍处理不当，就会出现污染环境和破坏生态平衡的问题，往往首先表现在土地利用上。
Jonson: Don't the government take some measurements to solve this problem?
强森：国家难道没有采取措施解决这一问题吗？
Brian: Our government arrange professional expert to guide farmers and offer supports to agriculture in order to return more farmers to agriculture production.
布赖恩：国家安排了专业人员指导农民耕作，此外提供对农业的支持，使更多的农民重新从事农业生产。
Jonson: Is the effect obvious?
强森：效果明显吗？
Brian: There have been some effects, but still many problems not totally solved.
布赖恩：这些措施已经产生了一些效果，但仍有很多地方的问题没有彻底解决。
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