外国人最想和你聊的时事话题：过度耕作
- 双语介绍
- 关键词句
The influence of cultivation 过度耕作的影响
Soil cultivation is any process that re-arranges the soil by using some activity. For farmers, cultivation typically means running a tractor over their field with a plow or disc to break up the soil's surface. This is done prior to planting. Over-cultivation happens when for varying reasons too much cultivation results in damaged soil, the elimination of soil nutrients or various other conditions which damage the soil not allowing healthy plants to grow.
In the landscape, garden or lawn, we do the same thing. For small gardens this is usually done by hand with a shovel or fork. For larger areas a roto-tiller may be used. For lawns, an aerator is the best tool.
Care has to be taken not to over-cultivate the soil. Several bad things happen when we over-cultivate. Cultivation disrupts the soils natural structure. Extreme cultivation as is done with a roto-tiller, pulverizes the soil's structure in such a way that it may become even more compacted in a short period of time. Cultivation also brings weed seeds to the surface that may become a problem. Extreme cultivation also destroys earthworm populations.
Soils under adverse conditions may become compacted, that is, the soil loses its structure. The little pockets of air beneath the surface are squeezed together. Water and nutrients no longer move through the soil. It becomes more difficult for roots to grow.
Ideally, when we cultivate the soil, additional soil amendments should be added and incorporated into the cultivated soil. This will help keep the soil healthy and loose and less likely to become compacted as quickly if no additional amendments are added.
When the soil underneath your lawn becomes compacted, it reduces root growth as well as the grasses' recuperative ability, thus increasing a lawn's relative susceptibility to diseases.
Aeration improves shoot and root growth and recuperative ability, and decrease the likelihood of disease and insect damage.
Thatch is a partially decomposed layer comprised of roots, stems, rhizomes, crowns, and stolons situated above the soil surface. Up to a 1-1/2 "layer of thatch is beneficial and provides insulation to roots, reduces soil water evaporation, cushions playing surfaces, and may prevent soil compaction. However, thatch layers greater than 1/2" should be removed to avoid restricted water entry into the root zone, resulting in drought stress.
Several turf grass pathogens can survive in the thatch layer, including those that cause summer patch, leaf spot, and melting-out diseases. Bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass,and kikuyugrass produce more thatch than most other turf grasses and require regular dethatching. Equipment rental businesses often carry dethatching (verticutting) machines that are specifically designed to remove thatch from home lawns.
土地荒漠化（land desertification）是由于气候变化（climate change）和人类不合理的经济活动(economic activity)等因素使干旱(arid)、半干旱(semiarid)和具有干旱灾害的半湿润地区的土地发生退化(degradation)。土地荒漠化是全球性的环境灾害，它已影响到世界六大洲的100多个国家和地区，全球约有1/6的人口生活在这些地区。
导致荒漠化的人为活动主要有四方面：
(1) 不合理耕种或过度耕种(over cultivation)。土地中的养分(nutrient)和水分被农作物大量吸收，而土地却得不到足够的有机质(organic matter)和水分的补充；
(2) 不合理放牧或过度放牧(overgrazing)。牧场上牛羊吃草的量超过了土地能生长的草量，使土地裸露，水分蒸发，有机质丧失；
(3) 在降雨(precipitation)不足以供应农作物需求的地方把牧区(pasturing area)改为耕地；
(4) 在树木生长不易的地区砍光所有树木。
Over-cultivate impoverish the soil.
过度耕作而使土壤变得贫瘠。
Forty percent of the Africans live in hopelessly overcrowded land, in some cases, drought-stricken reserves, where soil erosion and the overworking of the soil make it impossible for them to live properly off the land.
40％的黑人住在拥挤不堪的黑人居住区内，有些居住区地处干旱地区，由于水土流失、过度耕作，人们已不可能靠土地为生。
Climatic factors include periods of temporary but severe drought and long-term climatic changes toward dryness. Human factors include artificial climatic alteration, as through the removal of vegetation, excessive cultivation, and the exhaustion of water supplies.
气候因素包括有短暂但严重干旱的时期和长期趋向干燥的气候变化。人类因素指气候的人为改变，如破坏植被、过度耕作、因灌溉或工业用水而耗尽地面和地下水、露天剥采等，使干旱地区生物环境退化。
This explosive growth has led to removal of forests in much of the country, and excessive use of existing farmland.
这种人口激增已经导致了该国许多地区森林的消失及对现存农田的过度耕作。
Over-cultivate ( again, widely practiced by "traditional" cultures) causes soil erosion and turns fertile pasture into desert.
过度耕作（同样也被"传统的"耕作所广泛采用）导致了土壤侵蚀，并把肥沃的草原变成了沙漠。
Therefore if you go to reseed or replant your garden in the next spring, do not over-till the soil but rather simply dig small holes to plant the new seeds or sprouted plants from your hothouse.
因此，如果你在来年春季打算重新播种或改种，请不要过度耕作，而仅仅挖一些小洞来播种或移植来自温室的幼苗。
Protecting cultivated land is always the foundation for increased grain production.
保护耕地始终是增产粮食的基础。
In construction of coal mines the principle of protecting the cultivated land and utilizing the land rationally shall be adhered to.
煤矿建设应当贯彻保护耕地、合理利用土地的原则。
We need to protect arable land, especially basic farmland, stabilize the acreage sown to grain, and expand overall grain production capacity.
我们要切实保护耕地，特别是基本农田，稳定粮食播种面积，不断提高粮食综合生产能力。
People's governments at various levels must value and make a rational use of land, and earnestly protect cultivated land.
各级人民政府必须珍惜和合理利用土地，切实保护耕地。
The overall plan for land use was formulated and implemented by government, and the land use management system was strictly enforced, effectively protecting farmland.
政府制定并实施了土地利用总体规划，实行严格的土地用途管理制度，切实保护耕地。
Over-cultivate make plenty of farmers swarm into cities, which severely affect the social stability.
过度耕作使得大量农民涌入城市，严重影响了社会的稳定。
The relative departments of government should decree some related policy to protect the farmland and guarantee farmers' rights.
政府相关部门应当出台相关政策保护耕地，确保农民的利益。
Part 3 Let's Talk！ 开始交流吧！
Emma: Good morning, Paul.
艾玛：早上好，保罗。
Paul: Good morning, Emma.
保罗：早上好，艾玛。
Emma: The sandstorm today is so serious, both my eyes and mouth are full of sands.
艾玛：今天的沙尘暴太严重了，我的眼睛和嘴巴里面都是沙子。
Paul: The sandstorm these years are increasingly severe, and the environment protection has to attract people's attention.
保罗：近些年来沙尘暴越来越严重了，环境保护不得不引起人们的关注了。
Emma: The sandstorm is closely related to over-cultivation.
艾玛：沙尘暴和过度耕种有很大的关系。
Paul: Why?
保罗：为什么？
Emma: Over-cultivation takes many forests, which diminish the trees from resisting sandstorm.
艾玛：过度耕种占用了大量的森林，使得树木对风沙的阻挡作用减弱。
Paul: Since many lands are used to cultivate, why do we always lack of food?
保罗：既然占用了那么多土地进行耕作，为什么还总是粮食短缺呢？
Emma: Over-cultivation not only invades and occupies the forests, the use of fertilizers and pesticides also destroy the nutrient of land, which lead to the gradual decrease of grain output.
艾玛：过度耕作不仅侵占了森林，而且化肥和农药的使用也使得土地营养受到破坏，种植的粮食产量也逐年下降。
Paul: Our government should take some measurements to deal with this situation.
保罗：政府应当采取措施应对这种状况。
Emma: In recent years, the government is requiring to return the grain plots to forestry and grass for the purpose of decreasing the environmental destruction.
艾玛：近年来政府一直都要求退耕还林、退耕还草，减少过度耕作对环境的破坏。
Paul: Well why are there still sandstorms?
保罗：那么为什么还会有沙尘暴呢？
Emma: It is easier to break the environment than repair it, which need years of endeavor.
艾玛：破坏环境容易，修复环境难。这需要很多年持续的努力。
Paul: People always purchase their profit and ignore the negative effects to environment.
保罗：人们总是为了自己的利益而忽略对环境造成的影响。
Emma: After experiencing the environment deterioration these years, I believe that people will increase their awareness of environment protection.
艾玛：经历了这些年的环境恶化，相信人们会提高自己的环保意识。
Paul: All the environmental treatment measures are external, and it is most significant to enhance people's awareness.
保罗：所有的环境治理措施都是外部的，最重要的还是要提高人们的意识。
Emma: I can't agree more with your opinion.
艾玛：我非常同意你的观点。
Paul: Ok, I'll wash my face, it's too dirty!
保罗：好吧。我先去洗脸，简直是太脏啦！
