外国人最想和你聊的时事话题：新贸易保护主义
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What is new trade protectionism 什么是新贸易保护主义
Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies.This policy contrasts with free trade, where government barriers to trade and movement of capital are kept to a minimum. In recent years, it has become closely aligned with anti-globalization. The term is mostly used in the context of economics, where protectionism refers to policies or doctrines which protect businesses and workers within a country by restricting or regulating trade with foreign nations.
Since the end of World War II, it has been the stated policy of most First World countries to eliminate protectionism through free trade policies enforced by international treaties and organizations such as the World Trade Organization. Certain policies of First World governments have been criticized as protectionist, however, such as the Common Agricultural Policy in the European Union and proposed "Buy American"provisions in economic recovery packages in the United States.
A variety of policies have been claimed to achieve protectionist goals. These include:
Tariffs: Typically, tariffs (or taxes) are imposed on imported goods. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported. Import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, export tariffs have similar effects as import tariffs. However, since export tariffs are often perceived as "hurting"local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as "helping" local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented.
Import quotas: To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the market price of imported goods. The economic effect of an import quota is similar to that of a tariff, except that the tax revenue gain from a tariff will instead be distributed to those who receive import licenses. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff.
Administrative barriers: Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules (e.g. regarding food safety, environmental standards, electrical safety, etc.) as a way to introduce barriers to imports.
Anti-dumping legislation Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent "dumping" of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down. However, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters.
Direct subsidies: Government subsidies (in the form of lump-sum payments or cheap loans) are sometimes given to local firms that cannot compete well against foreign imports. These subsidies are purported to"protect" local jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets.
Export subsidies: Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports. Export subsidies are the opposite of export tariffs; exporters are paid a percentage of the value of their exports. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have effects similar to import subsidies.
Exchange rate manipulation: A government may intervene in the foreign exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, leading to an improvement in its trade balance. However, such a policy is only effective in the short run, as it will most likely lead to inflation in the country, which will in turn raise the cost of exports, and reduce the relative price of imports.
International patent systems: There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist: one when patents held by one country form part of a system of exploitable relative advantage in trade negotiations against another and a second where adhering to a worldwide system of patents confers "good citizenship" status despite de facto protectionism. Peter Drahos explains that "States realized that patent systems could be used to cloak protectionist strategies. There were also reputational advantages for states to be seen to be sticking to intellectual property systems. One could attend the various revisions of the Paris and Berne conventions, participate in the cosmopolitan moral dialogue about the need to protect the fruits of authorial labor and inventive genius...knowing all the while that one's domestic intellectual property system was a handy protectionist weapon."
The current round of trade talks by the World Trade Organization is the Doha Development Round and the last session of talks in Geneva, Switzerland led to an impasse. The leaders' statement in the G20 meeting in London in early 2009 included a promise to continue the Doha Round.
Protectionism after the 2008 financial crisis.
Heads of the G20 at their recent London summit pledged to abstain from imposing any trade protectionist measures. Although they were reiterating what they had already committed to, last November in Washington, 17 of these 20 countries were reported by the World Bank as having imposed trade restrictive measures since then. In its report, the World Bank says most of the world's major economies are resorting to protectionist measures as the global economic slowdown begins to bite. Economists who have examined the impact of new trade-restrictive measures using detailed bilaterally monthly trade statistics estimated that new measures taken through late 2009 were distorting global merchandise trade by 1/4 to 1/2 percent (about $50 billion a year).
新贸易保护主义(New Trade Protectionism)又被称为"超贸易保护主义"或"新重商主义"(new mercantilism)，是20世纪80年代初才兴起的，以绿色壁垒(green barrier)、技术壁垒(technical barrier)、反倾销(anti-dumping)和知识产权(intellectual property right)保护等非关税壁垒(non-tariff barrier)措施为主要表现形式。新贸易保护主义的主要目的是适应本国政治、经济需要，维护在国际竞争中的支配地位。其理论依据(theory evidence)、政策手段、目标对象和实施效果都与传统的贸易保护主义有着显著的区别。
New trade protectionism is gaining ground, resulting in heightened trade frictions.
新贸易保护主义有所抬头，贸易摩擦加剧。
Various forms of new trade protectionism are rising.
形形色色的新贸易保护主义有所抬头。
The present international situation is complex, the expansion of the world economy and trade is still slow, competition in the international market is becoming fiercer, and trade protectionism is increasing.
当前国际形势错综复杂，全球经济和贸易增长仍然缓慢，国际市场竞争更加激烈，贸易保护主义加剧。
Media here say that China is under no illusions that trade protectionism would fade into new multilateral trade regime in place.
此间舆论界认为，中国对贸易保护主义会随着新的多边贸易体系的出现而消失这一点不会抱任何幻想。
New trade protectionism seriously hinders the global economic development.
新贸易保护主义严重阻碍了世界经济的发展。
The ascent of powers in the past usually took place on a double policy of requesting for open trade on other nations while enforcing trade protectionism for themselves. Those powers closed their own doors tightly when forcing open the doors of others with force.
历史上一个大国的兴起通常实行的是对外的贸易开放主义与对内的贸易保护主义的双重政策，在武力打开别国大门的同时，把自己的国门关得紧紧的。
There is increasing new trade protectionism sentiment against China. Textile will face a difficult road ahead.
针对我国的贸易保护升温，纺织业外贸环境不容乐观。
A new wave of trade protectionism begins in America for various reasons mainly based on Article 201 of Internal Trade Act.
美国以国内贸易法"201条款"为依据，掀起了新一轮贸易保护主义浪潮。
New trade protectionism is the measure of developed countries represented by United States to prevent the economic development of developing countries.
新贸易保护主义是以美国为代表的发达国家用来抑制发展中国家经济发展的手段。
There are endless of argument between free trade and protectionism.
自由贸易和保护主义之争论不断。
Industries facing strong competition from abroad always appeals for a higher degree of protectionism in trade policy.
当某些工业遇到来自国外的激烈竞争时，往往要求政府加强贸易政策中的保护主义程度。
Being affected by new trade protectionism, the export of many products in our country is restricted.
受到新贸易保护主义的影响，我国很多产品的出口都受到了限制。
The new features of trade protectionism in the United States, namely the growing concentration of its benefits, its serious harm to domestic economy, and its flagrant defiance of international trade rules and trading partners, are clearly demonstrated by the analysis of the Byrd Amendment.
该法案反映出美国贸易保护主义的受益范围日益集中、对国民经济损害加剧以及对国际贸易规则和贸易伙伴日益敌对等新的特点。
Trade Protectionism in the New Century is the latest developmental phrase of the New Trade Protectionism.
新世纪贸易保护主义是新贸易保护主义发展的最新阶段。
Tom: Good morning, Jerry.
汤姆：早上好，杰瑞。
Jerry: Morning, you are reading newspaper. Is there any news?
杰瑞：早上好，你在看报纸？有什么新闻吗？
Tom: China's export of steel has recently suffered the anti-dumping charges by U.S.
汤姆：最近一段时间我国出口的钢铁又遭到了美国的反倾销指控。
Jerry: The developed countries represented by U.S. always prevent the foreign commodity from import by this way.
杰瑞：美国等发达国家经常采用这种方式来禁止国外商品的进口。
Tom: It was the tariff barrier that was frequently used by developed countries in 1980s and 1990s. However, since the world trade organization required decreasing the import tariff, they were searching for new trade protection measures.
汤姆：上个世纪八九十年代，发达国家最常用的贸易保护措施是关税壁垒。但是自从世界贸易组织规定降低商品进口关税以来，他们就不断寻求新的贸易保护措施。
Jerry: What are the contents of new measurements?
杰瑞：这些新贸易保护措施包括哪些内容呢？
Tom: It mainly includes green trade barrier, technical barrier, blue trade barrier, anti-dumping, countervailing and other non-tariff barriers.
汤姆：主要包括绿色贸易壁垒，技术性贸易壁垒，蓝色贸易壁垒，反倾销，反补贴以及其他非关税壁垒。
Jerry: What is blue trade barrier?
杰瑞：什么是蓝色贸易壁垒？
Tom: It refers to the trade protection measure that takes working environment and labor's right of survival as excuse.
汤姆：蓝色贸易壁垒是指以劳动者劳动环境和生存权利为借口采取的贸易保护措施。
Jerry: Are the products generated by sweat factory the ones to be forbidden by blue trade barrier?
杰瑞：血汗工厂生产的产品就是蓝色贸易壁垒禁止的对象吧？
Tom: Yes, the sweat factory infringes the labors' right, which is the common phenomenon in the developing countries.
汤姆：是的，血汗工厂侵害了劳动者的利益，是发展中国家普遍存在的现象。
Jerry: It offers a rational excuse for developed countries to execute trade restriction.
杰瑞：这就为发达国家进行贸易限制提供了合理的借口。
Tom: After the explosion of financial crisis, the economy of developed countries has been severely attacked. In order to effectively protect their domestic enterprises and promote its economic development, the new trade protectionism is rising.
汤姆：金融危机爆发以后，发达国家的经济受到了严重的冲击。为了有效地保护本国的企业，促进经济的发展，这些国家的新贸易保护主义有了抬头的趋势。
Jerry: Well, how to avoid the effect of new trade protectionism?
杰瑞：那么如何避免新贸易保护主义的影响呢？
Tom: First, we should reform the industrial structure and replace the labor-intensive enterprises by capital-intensive or technologyintensive enterprises. Second, increase workers' salary and welfare, eliminate the sweating factories. Third, make full use of the functions of international economic organizations to create an adequate economic development environment for all countries.
汤姆：首先要进行产业结构的改革，以资本密集型企业和技术密集型企业代替劳动密集型企业。第二，提高劳动者的工资和福利待遇，逐渐消灭血汗工厂。第三，充分利用国际经济组织的职能和作用，为世界各国创造出良好的经济发展环境。
Jerry: It seems that increasing the international competitiveness is the most significant way to avoid the effect of trade protectionism.
杰瑞：看来最重要的还是提高自身的国际竞争力以避免贸易保护主义的影响。
Tom: You're right.
汤姆：你说得对。
Part 3 Something about Work 工作那点事
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