什么样的食物在“杀害”我们？

什么样的食物在“杀害”我们？

Which risk factor is responsible for more deaths around the world than any other? Not smoking. Not even high blood pressure. It's a poor diet.

哪个风险因素导致世界各地死亡人数最多?不是吸烟。甚至不是高血压。这是不良的饮食习惯。

"In many countries, poor diet now causes more deaths than tobacco smoking and high blood pressure," said Ashkan Afshin, an assistant professor at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.

华盛顿大学健康指标与评估研究所助理教授阿什坎·阿夫辛说:“在许多国家，不良饮食导致的死亡比吸烟和高血压还多。”

And it's not just that people are choosing unhealthy options such as red meat and sugary sodas. Just as critical, said Afshin, the lead author of a 27-year global diet analysis published Wednesday in the journal the Lancet, is the lack of healthy foods in our diets, along with high levels of salt.

不仅仅是因为人们选择了不健康的食物，比如红肉和含糖汽水。《柳叶刀》杂志周三发表了一篇历时27年的全球饮食分析报告，其主要作者阿夫辛说，同样重要的是，我们的饮食中缺乏健康食品，同时盐的含量也很高。

"While traditionally all the conversation about healthy diet has been focused on lowering the intake of unhealthy food, in this study, we have shown that, at the population level, a low intake of healthy foods is the more important factor, rather than the high intake of unhealthy foods," he said.

他说:“虽然传统上所有关于健康饮食的讨论都集中在降低不健康食品的摄入量上，但在这项研究中，我们已经表明，在人口水平上，健康食品的低摄入量比不健康食品的高摄入量更重要。”

One in five deaths globally -- that's about 11 million people -- in 2017 occurred because of too much sodium and a lack of whole grains, fruit and nuts and seeds, the study found, rather than from diets packed with trans fats, sugar-sweetened drinks and high levels of red and processed meats.

全球五分之一的死亡——大约1100万人——在2017年发生,因为过多的钠和缺乏全谷物,水果和坚果和种子,研究发现,而不是因为饮食中含有反式脂肪、含糖饮料和大量的红肉和加工肉类。

In the analysis, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Afshin and his colleagues looked at 15 dietary risk factors and their impact on death and disability. High levels of unhealthy red and processed meats, sugar-sweetened beverages, trans fatty acids and salt -- all known to be health risks -- were compared with the effects of a diet low in many healthy foods. Those healthy items included fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk, calcium, nuts and seeds, fiber, legumes or beans, omega-3 fatty acids from seafood, and polyunsaturated fats, the good-for-you fats found in salmon, vegetable oils and some nuts and seeds.

在这项由比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会资助的分析中，Afshin和他的同事们研究了15种饮食风险因素及其对死亡和残疾的影响。高水平的不健康红肉和加工肉类、含糖饮料、反式脂肪酸和盐——所有这些都是已知的健康风险——与许多健康食品中低含量饮食的影响进行了比较。这些健康食品包括水果、蔬菜、全谷物、牛奶、钙、坚果和种子、纤维、豆类或豆类、海产品中的omega-3脂肪酸，以及多不饱和脂肪，鲑鱼、植物油和一些坚果和种子中含有的有益健康的脂肪。

Except salt, which was a key risk factor in most countries, the study found red and processed meats, trans fats and sugary drinks toward the bottom of the risk chart for most countries.

除了盐，盐在大多数国家是一个关键的风险因素，研究发现，对大多数国家来说，红肉和加工肉类、反式脂肪和含糖饮料的风险最低。

In fact, more than half of all global diet-related deaths in 2017 were due to just three risk factors: eating too much salt, not enough whole grains and not enough fruit. Those risks held true regardless of socioeconomic level of most nations, Afshin said.

事实上，2017年全球超过一半的与饮食相关的死亡仅仅是由三个风险因素造成的:吃太多的盐，没有足够的全谷物和水果。Afshin说，无论大多数国家的社会经济水平如何，这些风险都是真实存在的。

The new study is part of the yearly Global Burden of Disease report, prepared by a consortium of thousands of researchers that tracks premature death and disability from more than 350 diseases and injuries in 195 countries.

这项新研究是“全球疾病负担年度报告”(Global Burden Of Disease Report)的一部分，该报告由一个由数千名研究人员组成的联盟编写，跟踪195个国家的350多种疾病和伤害中的过早死亡和残疾。

In January, the consortium released its "diet for a healthy planet," which said that cutting red meat and sugar consumption in half and upping intake of fruits, vegetables and nuts could prevent up to 11.6 million premature deaths without harming the planet.

今年1月，该财团发布了“健康星球的饮食”，称将红肉和糖的消耗量减半，增加水果、蔬菜和坚果的摄入量，可以在不损害地球的情况下，防止多达1160万人过早死亡。

Afshin said an overview of the current study, but few of the details, was in last year's Global Burden of Disease report, making this year's version "the most comprehensive analysis on the health effects of diet ever conducted," despite some methodological flaws and gaps in data from underdeveloped countries.

阿夫申表示，去年的“全球疾病负担报告”(Global Burden Of Disease Report)对当前研究进行了概述，但细节很少，这使得今年的报告成为“有史以来对饮食健康影响进行的最全面的分析”，尽管欠发达国家的数据存在一些方法论上的缺陷和差距。