英语六级阅读真题,不仅强化词汇与句型理解,更提升阅读速度与综合分析能力。实战演练,让考生熟悉题型变化,掌握解题技巧,是冲刺六级高分不可或缺的宝贵资源。今天,小编将分享2019年6月大学英语六级阅读真题以及答案(卷三)相关内容,希望能为大家提供帮助!
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Steel is valued for its reliability, but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel 26 become brittle (脆的) at temperatures below about -25℃ unless they are mixed with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists 27 at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness —without the need for expensive 28 .
Steel’s fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoed (用鱼雷攻击) numerous British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of
cheap-and-cheerful“Liberty ships”was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for the 29 British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank.
Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic. So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensive metals such as nickel.
Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 . Rather than adding other metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.
The resulting steel appears to achieve a combination of strength and toughness that is 33 to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.
Kimura’s team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction job and their weight—by replacing solid supports with 35 tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.
A) abruptly
B) additives
C) approach
D) ardently
E) besieged
F) channel
G) comparable
H) components
I) cracked
J) fractures
K) hollow
L) relevant
M) reshuffled
N) strived
O) violent
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The future of personal satellite technology is here—are we ready for it?
A) Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealthy corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach of ordinary people. Just like drones (无人机) before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.
B) As a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these satellites hold tremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However, as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question here is no longer“Can we?”but“Should we?”What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as“professionals”? And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answers may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 years.
C) Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been created that fits the bill: CubeSats. The“Cube”here simply refers to the satellite's shape. The most common CubeSat is a 10cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicle's formerly“wasted space.”Multiples can be deployed in combination for more complex missions than could be achieved by one CubeSat alone.
D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Earth. They’re primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO)—an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans for most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.
E) Because they're so small and light, it costs much less to get a CubeSat into Earth’s orbit than a traditional communications or GPS satellite. For instance, a research group here at Arizona State University recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as little as $3,000 to put in orbit. This decrease in cost allows researchers, hobbyists and even elementary school groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS.
F) The first CubeSat was created in the early 2000s, as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to design, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSR’s Sputnik (前苏联的人造卫星). Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats. There arc more than 130 currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open to U.S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore.
G) The National Academy of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats' importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isn’t risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debris—pieces of“junk”that orbit the earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including the ISS.
H) Currently, there aren't many CubeSats and they're tracked closely. Yet as LEO opens up to more amateur satellites, they may pose an increasing threat. As the report authors point out, even near-misses might lead to the“creation of a burdensome regulatory framework and affect the future disposition of science CubeSats.”
I) CubeSat researchers suggest that now's the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space. In an era when you can simply buy a CubeSat kit off the shelf, how can we trust the satellites over our heads were developed with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing? Some“expert amateurs”in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceed responsibly.
J) In 1969, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts’ (业余无线电爱好者) participation in space research and communication. It continued the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCAR—a U.S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongovernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT was putting“amateur”satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility. Here, open.source development has been a central principle, Within the organization, AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everything—making technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the team responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSAT's first CubeSat, this means that there s no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation.
K) However, they're more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization guards against others developing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites. This form of“self-governance”is possible within long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members, as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emerge, who don't have deep roots within the existing culture?
L) Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. They're still constrained by funders, launch providers and a series of regulations—all of which rein in what CubeSat developers can and cannot do. But there's a danger they're ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences. What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear.Yet we know innovators can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions. Think of something as seemingly benign as the cellphone—we have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, and improvised (临时制作的) explosive devices at the other.
M) This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes important—not simply to ensure that physical risks are minimized, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge around novel technologies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible, actually is. Here's where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobbyists, and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.
36. Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to prevent misuse of satellites.
37. A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks.
38. The greater accessibility of mini-satellites increases the risks of their irresponsible use.
39. Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost.
40. AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of their satellites.
41. NASA offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.
42. Even with constraints, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes.
43. While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose hazards to other space vehicles.
44. Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.
45. AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessible to its members, preventing the abuse of amateur satellites.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasn’t until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me at least, being friends with colleagues didn’t emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which collegial (同事的) ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.
Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legacy of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.
In an academic analysis just published in the profoundly-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of “indifferent relationships”. It’s a simple term that encapsulates (概括) the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.
Indifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates they’re especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort.
As noted above, indifferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues that pop up at work. But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits. One of those is efficiency. Less time chatting and socializing means more time working and churning (产出).
The other is self-esteem. As human beings, we’re primed to compare ourselves to each other in what is an anxiety-inducing phenomenon. Apparently, we look down on acquaintances more so than friends. Since the former is most common among those inclined towards indifferent relationships, their predominance can bolster individuals’ sense of self-worth.
Ego aside, a third advantage is that the emotional neutrality of indifferent relationships has been found to enhance critical evaluation, to strengthen one’s focus on task resolution, and to gain greater access to valuable information. None of that might be as fun as after-work socializing but, hey, I’ll take it anyway.
46. What did the author realize when he re-entered the corporate world?
A) Making new friends with his workmates was not as easy as he had anticipated.
B) Cultivating positive interpersonal relationships helped him expel solitary feelings.
C) Working in the corporate world requires more interpersonal skills than self-employment.
D) Building close relationships with his colleagues was not as important as he had expected.
47. What do we learn from many studies about collegial relationships?
A) Inharmonious relationships have an adverse effect on productivity.
B) Harmonious relationships are what many companies aim to cultivate.
C) Close collegial relationships contribute very little to product quality.
D) Conflicting relationships in the workplace exist almost everywhere.
48. What can be inferred about relationships at work from an academic analysis?
A) They should be cultivated.
B) They are virtually irrelevant.
C) They are vital to corporate culture.
D) They should be reasonably intimate.
49. What does the author say about people who are socially lazy?
A) They feel uncomfortable when engaging in social interactions.
B) They often find themselves in confrontation with their colleagues.
C) They are unwilling to make efforts to maintain Workplace relationships.
D) They lack basic communication skills in dealing with interpersonal issues.
50. What is one of the benefits of indifferent relationships?
A) They provide fun at work.
B) They help control emotions.
C) They help resolve differences.
D) They improve work efficiency.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special. This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an “irrational” response.
One of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2017 was the efforts of Google to make autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google’s self-driving cars clocked 1,023,330 krn, and required human intervention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autonomous driving. But even more impressive is the progress in just a single year: human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google’s cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this year.
Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, too. Then a computer beat the human world champion, repeatedly. The board game Go (围棋) took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2016, when a computer beat one of the world’s leading professional Go players. With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the future to be human? I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in one area after another? He’ll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple question: What’s so special about us? It can’t be skills like arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness.
Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful rational assistants. So we must aim to complement the rationality of the machine, rather than to compete with it. If I'm right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines. We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making. But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, we can still be the most creative. Because if we aren’t, we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems, and that may put in question the foundation for our existence.
51. What is the author’s greatest concern about the use of AI?
A) Computers are performing lots of creative tasks.
B) Many abilities will cease to be unique to human beings.
C) Computers may become more rational than humans.
D) Many human skills are fast becoming outdated.
52. What impresses the author most in the field of AI?
A) Google’s experimental driverless cars require little human intervention.
B) Google’s cars have surpassed his driving ability in just a single year.
C) Google has made huge progress in autonomous driving in a short time.
D) Google has become a world leader in the field of autonomous driving.
53. What do we learn from the passage about creativity?
A) It is rational.
B) It is predictable.
C) It is human specific.
D) It is yet to be emulated by AI.
54. What should schools help children do in the era of AI?
A) Cultivate original thinking.
B) Learn to work independently.
C) Compete with smart machines.
D) Understand how AI works.
55. How can we humans justify our future existence?
A) By constantly outsmarting computers.
B) By adopting a long-term perspective.
C) By rationally compromising with AI.
D) By providing value with our creativity.
26.A)abruptly。 详解:副词辨析题。空格前面为主语most forms of steel,空格后面是系表结构become brittle.因此,空格处需要填入副词形式来修饰become brittle。本段第一句提到,钢的价值在于它的可靠性.但是当天气变冷的时候就不一样了。第二段第一句中的steel's fragility更是明确提出了本篇短文的主题,即钢在寒冷气温下的易碎性,因此,此处是说大多数的钢在温度低于大约零下25℃时会突然变脆,容易破裂。由此确定副词A)abruptly"突然地”为本题答案。备选的另一个副词D)ardently"热烈地;热心地”与此处要表达的意思不符,故可排除。
27.J)fractures。 详解:名词辨析题。空格位于一个定语从句中,空格前的that指代主语a novel type of steel,resists是谓语动词,空格后是介词短语at much lower temperatures作状语,因此,空格处需要填入 名词形式作定语从句中resists的宾语。上文提到,大多数钢在温度低于大约零下25℃时会突然变脆,短文最后两段提到,木村男次及其同事研发出了一种新型的钢,使其达到强度和韧性的结合,因此,此处是说这种新型的钢已经被开发出来,它可以在更低温度下抵抗断裂。由此可以确定名词J)fractures“破裂,断裂”为本题答案。备选的其他名词均与此处要表达的“断裂”或“破裂”意思不符,均可排除。
28.B)additives。 详解:名词辨析题。空格前面是形容词expensive,因此,空格处应填入名词形式作形容词 的中心语。上文提到,大多数钢在温度低于大约零下25℃时突然变脆,除非与其他金属混合,而现在,一种新型的钢已经被开发出来解决钢的断裂问题。下文第三段指出,科学家通过把钢与镍等贵金属混合来解决钢的低温易碎问题,第四段第二句提到,木村勇次及其同事在开发这种新型钢时,没有添加其他金属,而是开发了一个复杂的机械过程达到了钢的强度和韧性的结合。因此,此处是说,这种新型钢可以在更低的温度下抵抗断裂,同时保持其强度和韧性,然而并不需要添加昂贵的材料。由此可以确定名词B)additves“添加物,添加剂”为本题答案。备选的其他名词中,均与此处要表达的“添加物”意思不符,故可排除。
29.E)besieged。 详解:形容词辨析题。空格前面是定冠词the,后面是名词British,因此,空格处需要填入形容词形式修饰名词British。上文中提到,德国U型潜艇用鱼雷击沉了许多英国船只,之后,一支更强大的舰队 被派往前线,取代了这些被击沉的船只,从而为被围困的英国人提供了生命线。因此,此处是说这支由自由轮组成的强大舰队是来解救被困的英国人的。由此可以确定形容词E)besieged“被包围的,被困住的”为本题答案。备选的其他形容词均与此处要表达的“被围困的”或“处于困境中的”意思不符,均可排除。
30.I)cracked。 详解:动词辨析题。空格所在句主语为the steel shells of hundreds of theships,句中缺少 谓语,因此空格处需要填入动词形式。此处叙述的是过去发生的事情,故该动词应用过去式。本段主要讲述的是二战期间,钢在低温下的易碎性首次成为主要问题,空格处所在句的后半句提到,12艘船裂成两半沉没,因此,此处是说数百艘船的钢壳在冰冷的北大西洋中裂开了。由此可以确定,动词I)cracked “(使)破裂,(使)裂开”为本题答案。备选的动词过去式中,besieged“包围,围攻,围困”、reshufled“改 组,进行岗位调整”和strived“努力;奋斗;抗争”均与此处意思不符,故排除。
31.N)strived。 详解:动词辨析题。空格所在句是一个现在完成时态的句子。空格前面是助动词have,空格后面是to引导的动词不定式,因此,空格处应填入动词过去分词形式,构成完成时态,且该动词能与不定式结构搭配使用。上文提到,在寒冷条件下建造钢结构时,钢的脆性仍然是一个问题。下文提到,木村勇次及其同事研发出了新型的钢材。因此,此处是说科学家们一直在寻找解决钢的易碎缺陷的方案,空格处应填入一个表示“努力”或“致力于”之类意思的动词。动词N)strived“努力;奋斗;抗争”符合要求,故为答案。备选的其他动词过去分词均与此处要表达的“努力”或“致力于”意思不符,均可排除。
32.C)approach。 详解:名词辨析题。空格前面是形容词physical,且有不定冠词a修饰,因此,空格处应填入可数名词单数形式与a more physical一起作tried的宾语。下文提到,木村勇次及其同事采用了 “反复加热和非常严格的机械变形”来加工钢材,这是一种物理加工方法,故空格处应填入一个表示“方式,方法”的名词。名词C)approach“方法,步骤”符合要求。其他备选的单数可数名词channel“频道;手段;海峡”和hollow“浅坑,凹陷处”均与此处语境不符,故排除。
33.G)comparable。详解:形容词辨析题。空格前面是系动词is,后面是介词to,因此,空格处需填入形容词形式,构成系表结构,且该形容词能与to搭配使用。上文提到,木村勇次及其同事用新物理方式研发出的钢材达到了强度和韧性的结合。而根据上文,使用高价材料制作的现代钢材也是强度和韧性都很好,因此,此处是说木村勇次及其同事研发的新钢材与现代钢材不相上下。空格处所填形容词应该表达的是“相当的,不相上下的”之意,故G)comparable“类似的,相当的,可相比的”符合语境,且与介词to构成be comparable to短语, 意为“比得上……的;可与……比较的”。其他几个备选形容词均与此处意义不符,故排除。
34.H)components。详解:名词辨析题。空格前面是介词of,后面是分词结构neededin a construction job 作后置定语,因此,空格处应填入名词形式作介词of的宾语。由number和theirweight可知,此处需要填入的应该是可数名词复数形式。短文最后一句提到,这将减少从汽车到建筑和桥梁等一切制造所需的钢材。因此,此处是说木村希望减少建筑工作所需材料的数量和重量。空格处所填名词表达的应该是“原材料”或“零件,部件”之类的意思,由此确定,本题答案为H)components“(机器、系统等的)零件,组成部分”。其他备选名词均与此处要表达的意思不符,故排除。
35.K)hollow. 详解:形容词辨析题。空格前面是介词with,后面是名词tubes,因此空格处应填入形容词修饰名词tubes,二者共同作介词with的宾语。破折号后的内容说的是用某种管材来代替实心的材料,从而达到研究小组所希望的减少建筑工作所需材料重量的目的。因此,空格处所填形容词应与solid“实心的”含义相反。故形容词hollow“空心的,中空的”符合语境。其他几个备选形容词均与此处意义不符,故排除。
36.详解:I)段定位句提到,立方体卫星的研究人员表示,有机会进入自己那一小块空间的人数比以往更多,而现在是时候考虑这所带来的意想不到的可能后果了。题干中的given the easier accessiblity to space是对原文中consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slice of space的概括归纳,题干中的think about是对原文中ponder的同义转述,故答案为I)。
37.详解:C)段定位句提到,与单颗立方体卫星所能完成的任务相比,多颗卫星可以组合部署来执行更复杂的任务。题干中的agroup of mini-sateites对应原文中的multiples,题干中的work together是对原文中be deployed in combination的同义转述,题干中的tasks是原文中missions的同义词,故答案为C)。
38.详解:B)段定位句提到,这些卫星具有巨大的潜力,使基于卫星的科学比以往任何时候都更容易接触。然而,随着将自己的卫星送入轨道的成本急剧下降,不负责任地使用卫星的风险也在增加。由上文可知,第一个定位句中的these satellites是指上一段最后一句中的miniature satellites,而题干中的mini-satellites与此对应,题干中的the greater accessibility对应原文中的more accessible,题干中的increases the risks of their irresponsible use是对原文中the risks of irresponsible use grow的同义转述,故答案为B)。
39.详解:E)段定位句提到,这种成本的降低使得研究人员、业余爱好者甚至小学生团体能够将简单的仪器放入近地轨道,甚至可以从国际空间站部署它们。题干中的school pupils对应原文中的elementary schoo groups,题干中的put in orbit是对原文中“put...intoLEO”的同义转述,题干中的owing to the lowered launching cost是对原文中this decrease in cost allows的同义转述,故答案为E)。
40.详解:K)段定位句提到,然而,他们在与非成员分享信息方面更加谨慎,因为该组织在防范其他人开发劫持和控制其卫星的能力。由上文可知,定位句的主语they指代上一段中的AMSAT成员。题干中的careful about是对原文中cautious about的同义转述,题干中的outsiders对应原文中的nonmembers,题干中的 prevent对应原文中的guards against,故答案为K)。
41.详解:F)段定位句提到,美国宇航局的纳米卫星教育性发射项目为教育团体和科研任务提供免费发射,目前也向美国非营利性公司开放。题干中的“offers to launch..freeof charge”是对原文中offers free launches的同义转述,题干中的CubeSats对应原文中的Nano Satellte,题干中的for educational and research purposes对应原文中的for educational groups and science missions,故答案为F)。
42.详解:L)段第二句提到,他们仍然受到资助者、发射供应商和一系列法规的限制——所有这些都限制了立方体卫星开发者可以做和不能做的事情。第五句提到,然而,我们知道,创新者可以非常有创造力地将技术带往意想不到的方向。题干中的with constraints是对L)段第二句的概括归纳,题干中的creative developers 对应原文中的innovators can be remarkably creative,题干中的take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes对应原文中的taking technologies in unexpected directions,故答案为L)。
43.详解:G)段第一句提到,美国国家科学院的报告强调了立方体卫星在科学发现和未来太空科学家与工程师的培训这两方面的重要性。最后一句提到,作者们提出的最大担忧是太空碎片垃圾——环绕地球运行的一 块块“垃圾”,如果它们与包括国际空间站在内的运行装置相撞,可能会造成严重损害。题干中的making signifcantcontributions tospace science是对原文中CubeSats'importancein scientific discovery and the training of futurespacescientists and engineers的概括归纳,题干中的pose hazards是对原文中cause serious damage的同义转述,题干中的space vehicles对应原文中的operational units,故答案为G)。
44.详解:D)段定位句提到,在其紧凑的机体内,这些微小的卫星可以容纳传感器和通信接收器/发射器,使操作人员能够从地球周围的空间以及太空来研究地球。它们主要是为近地轨道(LEO)设计的——近地轨道是一个容易进入的空间区域,距离地球的高度大约为200至800英里,一些需要人类维护的太空任务,像哈勃太空望远镜和国际空间站就在这里运行。由第一句可知,第二句的主语they是指minute satellites,也就是说,微型卫星主要是在近地轨道上运行,这使操作人员能够从近地轨道上研究地球。题干中的mini-satellites对 应原文中的minute satellites,题干中的it指代原文中的Earth,题干中的study Earth from LEO and space around it是对原文中study Earth from space,as well as space around Earth的同义转述,故答案为D)。
45.详解:J)段定位句提到,在该组织内,AMSAT的理念是开放一切资源——使组织中的每个人都能充分获得其卫星各个方面的技术数据,并在可能的情况下向公众开放。负责AMSAT第一颗立方体卫星FOX1-A的小组成员称,这意味着,当每个人都有机会接触到设计和实施时,就没有办法将炸药或能量发射器之类的东西偷偷放入业余卫星里。题干中的operates on the principle of是对原文中has a philosophy of的同义转述,题干中的havingall its technical data accessible to its members是对原文中making technical data on a aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization的同义转述,题干中的preventing the abuse of amateur satellites是对原文中there's no way to sneak something like explosives or an enery emitter into an amateur satelite的概括归纳,故答案为J)。
46.D)。定位:由题干中的re entered thecorporate world定位到首段第二句:It wasn't unti I entered the corporate world that I realized,for me at least,being fiends with coleagues didn't emerge as a priority at all.
详解:事实细节题。文章首段第二句指出,直到进入企业界,作者才意识到,至少对他来说,与同事交朋友并非头等大事。由此可见,他发现与同事建立密切的关系并不是那么重要,故答案为D)。
47.A)。定位:由题干中的studies about collgial relationships定位到第一段最后一句:So muchresearch hasexplored theway in which colegial(同事的)ties can help overcome a range of workplace isues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based confict,jealousy undermining,anger,and more.
详解:推理判断题。定位句提到,有如此多的研究探究了同事关系对于克服一系列影响生产力和工作效能的职场问题的裨益,这些问题包括团队内部的冲突、嫉妒、破坏、愤怒等等,由此可知,不和谐的同事关系,如冲突、嫉妒等,会影响生产力,故答案为A)。
48.B)。定位:由题干中的an academic analysls定位到第三段:In an academic analysisjustpublished in the profoundly-respected Jourmnal of Management,researchers have looked at the concept of “indfferent relationships".It's a simple termthat encapsulates(概括)the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate,inconsequental,unimportant and even,dare I say it, disposable orsubstitutable.
详解:推理判断题。第三段提到了一项发表于享有盛誉的期刊上的学术分析,研究一个名为“冷漠关系”的概念,研究认为,工作中的关系可以合理地不亲密、不连续、不重要,甚至可以是一次性的或可替代的,换言之,工作中的关系并不像人们以往普遍认为的那么重要,故答案为B)。
49.C)。定位:由题干中的people who are sociall lazy定位到第四段最后三句:Indiference is also the prefered option among those who are socialy lazy.Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort.Forsome of us,too much effort.
详解:事实细节题。第四段最后三句提到,懒于社交的人会喜欢“冷漠关系”,因为维持亲密的职场关系需要付出努力,而这些人会觉得这太过费力,可知他们不愿意维持职场关系的原因是懒于费力,故答案为C)。
50.D)。定位:由题干中的the benefits of indifferent relationships定位到第五段第一、二句:As noted above,indfferent relationships may not always be the most helpful approach in resolving some of the issues thatpop up at work.But there are nonetheless several empirically proven benefits.
详解:推理判断题。在定位句之后,作者具体阐述了冷漠关系的三点益处。而第五段最后两句指出,其中一点益处就是效率。少花时间聊天和社交意味着有更多的时间工作和产出,D)项表述与此相符,故为答案。
51.B)。定位:由题干中的the use of AI定位到第一段第一句:In a few decades,artifcial inteligence(AI)will surpass many of theablities that we believe make us special.
详解“事实细节题。定位句指出,人工智能将超越许多我们自认为使人类与众不同的能力。而第二段和第三段也分别以驾驶和下棋为例,说明很多过去被认为是人类专属的能力现在都被机器超越了,故答案为B)。
52.C)。 定位:由题干中的impresses the author most in thefield of AI定位到第二段第四句:But even more impressive is the progress injust a single year:human interventions fell from 0.8 times per thousand miles to 0.2,a 400%improvement.
详解:推理判断题。定位句提到,更令人印象深刻的是,谷歌仅在一年之内就取得了下面的进步:人类干预从每千英里0.8次下降到0.2次,改进了400%,由此可知,短时间内能取得自动驾驶的巨大进展是令作者印象最深刻的,故答案为C)。
53.D)。 定位:由题干中的creativity定位到第三段最后一句:So far,machineshave a pretty hard time emulating creativity,arbitrary enough not to be predictedby acomputer,and yet more than simple randomness.
详解:事实细节题。根据定位句,因为创造力具有随意性,而又不仅仅是简单的随机性,足以让计算机无法预测,因此,到目前为止,机器很难模仿创造力,由此可推知,创造力尚未被人工智能模仿,故答案为D)。
54.A)。定位:由题干中的schools help children do定位到第四段第五、六句:Indeed,our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient servants of rationality,and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines.We need to help our children lean how tobest work with smart computersto improvehumandecision-making.
详解:推理判断题。第四段第五、六句指出,我们的学校和大学的体制还是把学生塑造成十分服从理性的仆人,培养与过时的机器互动的过时技能。我们需要帮助我们的孩子学习如何最好地与智能计算机一起工作来改进人类的决策;而之前的第三句更是认为,人类应该培养创造性,与机器的理性相互补充,综合这些信息可知,学校应培养孩子的创造力,以更好地使用机器,故答案为A)。
55.D)。定位:由题干中的future existence定位到全文最后一句:Because if we aren't,we won't be providing much value in future ecogystems,and that may putin question the foundation for our existence
详解:事实细节题。文章最后一句指出,如果我们不能如此,在未来的生态系统中就无法提供更多的价值而可能给我们存在的根基带来挑战,而“不能如此”,结合上一句就是说如果人类不能保持创造力,换言之,要想体现和证实自身的存在价值,必须以创造力为未来的生态系统提供价值,故答案为D)。