托福写作备考策略之独立话题
1.Somestudents prefer to have their final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas others prefer to have their grades determined by only afew large ones. Which do you prefer and why?
2.An effective leader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
3.If a city has an amount of money, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
Build a public garden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
Build a sports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle and healthy eating.
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they are today.
6.In the past,young people depended on their parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to make decisions on their own.
7.It is better to relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment ismore important than excellent knowledge.
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
11.There is noreason to be rude to another person.
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life morecomplicated.
13.Movies andTV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to moviesand programs made in other countries.
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
实用方法介绍
丨1.常用论点/理由
针对独立写作的常见话题，大致可归成三类：个人类(关于学习、工作、休闲、做人的选择);古今类(题目中有明显的now… past … 让考生判断现在和过去在某一方面的比较);决策类(题目中通常有government这个词出现，讨论政府的投资或者政策，有些题目虽然没有government这个词出现，但如果涉及的是有社会影响力的话题，也可以划为政府类，比如 A/D Professional athletes such as the football playerand basketball player deserve high salaries that they are paid.)
1)个人类常用理由
学知识、练技能、拓展视野……..
工作机会、赚钱…….
交朋友、陪伴家人……. (合作、沟通) …….
品质(自信，独立，坚持，乐观 ) / 兴趣爱好
身体健康、放松心情…….
省时间、省钱、省精力………..
2)古今类常用理由
现代社会的优点：
教育: 先进全面鼓励个性
工作：种类丰富机会多
医疗：治愈缓解更多疾病
技术：网络电子产品汽车
公共设施：便利的交通娱乐购物餐饮
法律制度：保障个人权利
媒体：揭露真相传播信息
人与人：互动频繁、方便
经济进步：更充裕的钱和无助
世界和平：更少的战争伤亡
现代社会的缺点：
环境问题(污染，能源消耗)
生活压力(学习，工作)
欺骗敲诈
3)决策类常用思路
注：除了使用个人类常用理由，针对决策类这种和政府相关有社会影响力的题目，建议多角度讨论，一下是常见的讨论角度：
1.大众 individuals
对我们有什么用?(放松健康省钱知识关系等等)
是不是我们每个人都需要的?(大多数/ 小众)
2. 相关群体relativegroups
题目中谈论到的比如artists,scientists, athletes 等等
3. 企业companies
企业有钱，可以代替政府去投资有利可图的领域
4. 社会 Society
Economy(tourism), culture, safety, improvement …
丨2.对比段
通常来说，托福独立写作的论证写3段，上文介绍了最基本的常用理由，但有时候，因为各种原因只想出2个理由的时候，可以写一段对比段，即把对比论证写一段。
具体案例参考第三部分的机经详解
丨3.让步段
除了对比段之外，让步段也可以解决只有2个理由缺少第三个段落的问题。
具体案例参考第三部分的机经详解
丨4.拆分法/分情况讨论
针对一些比较抽象的独立写作话题，我们可以分情况讨论，或者对于关键词进行定义和拆分，在更加具体的情况下方便论证。
具体案例参考第三部分的机经详解
丨5.检验论点
没有标准答案，这是独立解题最自由的地方。但这并不意味着什么样的理由都可以作为论点并且展开段落的。课堂上，一些学生可以马上相处三个理由，但仔细探究，可能只有一个理由是可以作为论点的。
这里说一下三个检验标准：1.支持观点 2. 论点相互不重叠 3. 易于展开
丨6.灵活调整
根据ETS的出题，我们知道，题目是千变万化的，为了帮助学生更好的应对，老师们会总结出一些实用方法，对学生来说，比死记硬别、生搬硬套更重要的是，在题目的练习中，去运用这些方法，并且灵活的调整。
如果觉得一些常用理由不适合支持某一道题，那么就放弃这个理由;
如果只想出两个理由，那么可以加一个让步段或者对比段;
如果一道题直接用常用理由去支持很难，可以试着拆分法;
如果完全同意/不同意很难，可以试着两边倒;
如果题目中有绝对词，可以部分同意/不同意。
... ...
实用方法在题目中的具体运用
使用第一部分的9月机经部分题目
1.Some students prefer to havetheir final grades determined by numerous small assignments, whereas othersprefer to have their grades determined by only a few large ones. Which do youprefer and why?
观点：small assignments
论点1：轻松
论点2：知识(学生复习;老师备课)
论点3：对比段/让步段
2.An effectiveleader tries to make others feel they are parts of a decision.
观点：agree
论点1：来自领导的尊重要员工更快乐积极
论点2：员工的参与促进想法的完善
论点3：对比段
3.If a city has an amount ofmoney, which option listed in the following do you prefer?
1)Build a publicgarden to provide quiet environment to benefit all
2)Build asports field for students in high school which doesn’t have its own.
版本A：
观点：选1)
论点1：relaxing
论点2：used byeveryone
论点3：让步段(承认2的好处指出显著缺点即优惠了一小部分人不公平)
版本B：
观点：选2)
论点1：healthy
论点2：mentality
论点3：补充建议(允许周末开放给市民)
4.Governmenthas done enough to educate people the importance of a balanced lifestyle andhealthy eating.
观点：Disagree
论点1： knowledge 宣传健康饮食的知识( 课程广告 )
论点2： pressure 减少学习和工作压力
论点3： money 建设更多更便宜的运动场所减轻人们的经济负担
注：这道题，用个人类的常用理由就可以解决，那么久不用多角度思考了~
5.In the past,people were more interested in improving their neighborhoods than they aretoday.
观点：Disagree
论点1：经济进步大家有时间和精力改善社区
论点2：沟通方便更好的解决社区问题
论点3：普遍受过教育有能力解决问题
注：三个古今类的常用理由，现代社会的优点
6.In the past, young people depended ontheir parents for making decisions. Today young people are better able to makedecisions on their own.
观点：Agree
论点1：Internet –丰富信息
论点2：Education – 培养独立
论点3：对比段
7.It is betterto relax by watching TV or reading a book than by doing physical exercises.
版本A：
观点：Physical exercise
论点1：health
论点2：cooperation
论点3：make friends
论点4：release pressure
论点5：让步段/对比段
注：有些题目，可以相处很多个有效论点，那就选择自己觉得好写的展开～
版本B：
观点：TV book
论点1：convenience;
论点2：knowledge and inspiration
论点3：让步段/对比段
8.We should state our honest opinions even though people may disagree with us.
观点：agree
论点1：家庭
论点2：朋友
论点3：学习/工作
注：用拆分法解这道题，即把说实话放在生活中的三大场景下，便于进行具体论证
9.In order to succeed in a new job, the ability to adapt oneself to the new environment is more important than excellent knowledge.
版本A：
观点：Both important
论点1：知识– 独立解决问题&自信
论点2：适应能力–效率&轻松
注：两边倒的题目，两个支持对象的各写一段，每一段设立有1-2个小论点，这样不用担心字数~
版本B：
观点：Agree
论点1：get along with different people
论点2：learn new knowledge
论点3：adjust mentality
注：对适应能力进行拆分，解读成和不同的人相处的能力、学习新知识的能力、调整心态的能力，这些都比固有的接触知识更重要，因为，世界一直在变啊~
10.People spend too much time communication through social media and text messages.
观点：Disagree
论点1：Relaxing
论点2：Improve friendship
论点3： Learning
11.There is no reason to be rude to another person.
版本1：Agree 常用理由 -mood - efficiency - opportunity
版本2：Agree 拆分法- 家庭礼貌- 工作礼貌 - 社交礼貌
12.Technology designed to make people’s life simpler in fact make peoples life more complicated.
agree
1) car –traffic jam; air pollution
2) internet – too much information to handle; false and misleading
3) digital devices – distraction (music; games; chat; online shopping)
注：把technology 拆分成三个主要方面，汽车、互联网、电子设备
13.Movies and TV programs made in your own country are more interesting compared to movies and programs made in other countries.
观点：both interesting
Own country:1 共鸣理解2 喜欢的演员
Foreign country:1拓展视野2精彩的画面
14.It is as important for older people to study and lean new things as it is for youngpeople.
Agree
版本1：拆分法(对学习新知识诠释)
1 学习健康知识
2 培养爱好
3 学习使用电脑上网
版本2：常用理由
1 mental health
2 improve convenience
3 communication with young people
15.To remain happy and optimistic whenever you fail is more important than to achieve success.
Agree
1)mental health
2)stimulate improvement
3 )让步段(承认成功是可喜的但是生活的常态就是一直失败、努力、克服苦难、获得成功，也就是说，成功是个结果，那么占据生活主要的是那个过程，所以为了健康以及持久的成功，乐观积极更重要)
16.It is important to know what is happening around the world, even if it does not affect your personal life.
Agree
版本1：常用理由
1)relaxing
2)knowledge
3)communication
版本2：拆分法
1)medical news – health
2)political news – safety
3)economic news – money
