哥本哈根峰会：各国都在想什么

巴西Brazil

巴西政府定下的温室气体减排目标是36%-39%，将通过停止亚马逊流域的森林采伐，普及既能使用生物燃料又能使用普通汽油的高能效的车辆来实现。但这一减排目标是自愿性的，要想实现更高的目标依赖于巴西政府得到资助，显示出作为拉丁美洲最大的经济体，巴西不愿意为减排牺牲工业产出。并且，保护亚马逊地区热带雨林的努力可能因为这一备受贫穷折磨地区的非法砍伐而受阻。

Brazil's government will aim to cut greenhouse-gas emissions between 36% and 39% by reducing deforestation in the Amazon rain forest and increasing the use of fuel-efficient cars and trucks that use biofuels as well as gasoline. But the emissions target is voluntary and depends on the government obtaining financing for the aggressive goals, indicating that Brazil isn't willing to stifle industrial output in Latin America's largest economy. And efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon could be stymied by lawlessness in the poverty-stricken region.

欧盟（European Union）European Union

由27个成员国组成的欧盟希望在哥本哈根峰会上众口一词。其目标是采取行动，将全球变暖限制在摄氏2度（华氏3.6度）以内。欧盟有意承诺到2020年将碳排放从1990年的水平减少20%，并且愿意将这个目标提高到30%，前提是其它国家也要做出减排承诺。欧盟已经准备为发展中国家提供资金援助，但是尚未承诺具体金额。一些西欧国家支持提供资金援助，但是来自东欧的一些新成员的意愿则要低得多。

The 27-member European Union aims to speak with one voice in Copenhagen. Its goal: taking action that would limit global warming to two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). The EU intends to cut CO2 emissions 20% by 2020 from 1990 levels and is willing to raise that target to 30% if other countries commit to do their part. It is also ready to help developing countries financially, but it hasn't committed to specific figures. Some Western European countries advocate generosity, but some newer members from Eastern Europe are much less willing to pay.

波兰Poland

波兰和其他东欧国家希望达成的协议不会给他们经济带来太多负担。问题是欧盟成员国之间应当分担多少对发展中国家的财政支持。富裕的欧盟成员国提议依照一个国家的排放量决定捐助比例。但由于东欧的欧盟成员国的能源行业严重依赖于煤炭，如果按照这一提议，他们就会比根据经济产值决定捐助比例的做法支付更多的资金。波兰还希望能够在《京都议定书》于2012年到期后继续出售碳排放额度。由于波兰在过去20年已经将二氧化碳排放量削减了30%，该国可以出售价值数十亿欧元的碳排放额度。

Poland and other Eastern European nations want a deal that isn't too economically burdensome. The issue is how financial support for developing countries should be shared by EU members. Wealthy members propose making contributions proportional to a country's emissions. But because Eastern members' energy sectors rely heavily on coal, they would pay disproportionately more than if shares were based on their economic output. Poland also wants to be able to continue selling certain carbon credits after the Kyoto protocol expires in 2012. Because Poland has reduced CO2 emissions by 30% over the past 20 years, it can sell credits worth billions of euros.

非洲Africa

非洲国家将温室气体排放问题怪罪于发达国家，他们希望因为全球变暖的影响得到补偿。但他们在优先问题上存在不同意见。非洲联盟(African Union)希望得到数十亿美元（各国领导人没有透露具体金额）以适应气候变化，气候变化导致了东非严重程度创纪录的干旱和其他地区的洪灾。尼日利亚等产油国则认为，工业化国家石油消耗量下降会导致他们的收入减少，他们希望在这方面得到补偿。

African countries blame developed countries for greenhouse-gas emissions and want to be compensated for the impact of global warming. But they disagree on priorities. The African Union wants billions of dollars (leaders won't say exactly how much) to adapt to climate change, which is blamed for record droughts in East Africa and flooding in other regions. Oil-producing nations, such as Nigeria, want compensation for the lost revenues that could result from expected declines in oil consumption by industrialized nations.

印尼Indonesia

印尼是全球第三大二氧化碳排放国，仅次于中国和美国。该国大量的温室气体排放都来自于滥伐森林。印尼可能会要求国际社会提供保护森林方面的技术和资金。此外，印尼希望能对未来设立的通过减少毁林带来碳排放额度的项目自行监控，该国暗示会反对组建一个国际监控机构。印尼承诺到2020年将排放量从照常发展情景（business-as-usual）削减26%，但该国官员说，如果得到所需的国际资金和技术支持，印尼会将减排比例提高到41%。

In Indonesia, the world's No. 3 carbon-dioxide emitter (after China and the U.S.), much of the emissions result from deforestation. It probably will ask for international technology and funds for forest conservation. Also, it favors self-monitoring in future programs that give credits for reducing emissions from deforestation, and hints it will oppose efforts to create an international monitoring body. The nation pledges to cut emissions 26% by 2020 from 'business-as-usual' levels, but officials say Indonesia will raise its target to 41% if it receives the international funding and technology support it needs.

厄瓜多尔Ecuador

作为产油国，厄瓜多尔将向哥本哈根峰会提出一个新的想法：富裕国家支付35亿美元，让该国的8.5亿桶石油储量继续留在地下。这些石油位于亚马逊森林的一个自然保护区，而保护亚马逊森林将成为哥本哈根谈判的重要一环。石油输出国组织(OPEC)的一个代表团已经去考察过该项目。厄瓜多尔明年将出任欧佩克的轮值主席国。厄瓜多尔政府已经将其石油部更名为“不可再生资源部”，他们已经向一些欧洲政府提出了这个想法。

Ecuador, an oil producer, will come to Copenhagen with a novel idea: get rich countries to pay .5 billion to keep 850 million barrels of its crude in the ground. The oil is located in a natural reserve of the Amazonian forest whose protection will be a cornerstone of the talks. A delegation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Ecuador gets the group's presidency next year) has visited to look at the project. The government, which has renamed its oil ministry the 'ministry of non-renewable resources,' has pitched the idea to some European governments.