对于不断升温美国城市，穷人往往感觉最深

对于不断升温美国城市，穷人往往感觉最深

When Shakira Franklin drives from West Baltimore to her job near the city's Inner Harbor, she can feel the summer heat ease up like a fist loosening its grip.

当夏奇拉·富兰克林从西巴尔的摩开车到她在城市内港附近的工作地时，她能感觉到夏天的热度像一个攥紧的拳头放松一样减轻了。

"I can actually feel me riding out of the heat. When I get to a certain place when I'm on my way, I'll turn off my air and I'll roll my windows down," says Franklin. 

“我真的能感觉到我正在远离炎热。当我在路上到达某个地方时，我会关掉空调，把窗户摇下来，”富兰克林说。

Franklin isn't imagining that. Her neighborhood, Franklin Square, is hotter than about two-thirds of the other neighborhoods in Baltimore. It's also in one of the city's poorest communities, with more than one-third of residents living in poverty.

富兰克林并没有这么想。她所在的富兰克林广场比巴尔的摩其他三分之二的街区都要热。这里也是该市最贫穷的社区之一，超过三分之一的居民生活贫困。

Across Baltimore, the hottest areas tend to be the poorest and that pattern is not unusual. In dozens of major U.S. cities, low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be hotter than their wealthier counterparts, according to a joint investigation by NPR and the University of Maryland's Howard Center for Investigative Journalism.

纵观巴尔的摩，最热的地区往往是最贫穷的地区，这种模式并不罕见。美国国家公共广播电台和马里兰大学霍华德新闻调查中心联合开展的一项调查显示，在美国几十个主要城市，低收入社区比富裕社区更有可能变得更热。

Those exposed to that heat are often a city's most vulnerable: the poorest and, our data show, disproportionately people of color. And living day after day in an environment that's literally hotter isn't just uncomfortable, it can have dire and sometimes deadly health consequences — a fact we found reflected in Baltimore's soaring rates of emergency calls when the heat index spiked to dangerous levels.

那些暴露在高温下的人往往是城市中最脆弱的群体:我们的数据显示，他们是最贫穷的人群，而且是不成比例的有色人种。日复一日地生活在一个更热的环境中不仅仅是不舒服，还会带来可怕的、有时甚至是致命的健康后果——我们发现，当高温指数升至危险水平时，巴尔的摩的紧急呼救率不断飙升，。

According to a Howard Center analysis of U.S. census data and air temperature data obtained from Portland State University and the Science Museum of Virginia, the hottest neighborhoods in Baltimore can differ by as much as 10 degrees from the coolest.

根据霍华德中心对美国人口普查数据和波特兰州立大学和弗吉尼亚科学博物馆获得的气温数据的分析，巴尔的摩最热的社区与最冷的社区之间的温差可能高达10度。

And Baltimore is not an extreme case. NPR analyzed 97 of the most populous U.S. cities using the median household income from U.S. Census Bureau data and NASA's thermal satellite images. In more than three-quarters of those cities, we found that where it's hotter, it also tends to be poorer. And at least 69 had an even stronger relationship than Baltimore, the first city we mapped.

巴尔的摩并不是一个极端的例子。美国国家公共电台利用美国人口普查局的数据和美国国家航空航天局的热卫星图像得出的家庭收入中值，分析了美国人口最多的97个城市。我们发现，在这些城市中，超过四分之三的城市，越是炎热的地方，往往越是贫穷。至少69个城市的（温度和贫富的）关系甚至比我们绘制的第一个城市巴尔的摩还要紧密。

This means that as the planet warms, the urban poor in dozens of large U.S. cities will actually experience more heat than the wealthy, simply by virtue of where they live. And not only will more people get sick from rising temperatures in the future, we found they likely already are.

这意味着，随着地球变暖，美国几十个大城市的城市贫民实际上会比富人经历更高的温度，这仅仅是因为他们所居住的地方。我们发现，未来不仅会有更多的人因为气温升高而生病，而且很可能已经生病了。

"Before I knew it, I was gasping for air"

“在我意识到之前，我已经喘不过气来了。”

In the summer of 2018 in Baltimore, when the heat index reached 103 degrees — the threshold deemed dangerous by the National Weather Service — EMS calls increased dramatically citywide for potentially fatal heat stroke. But calls increased for chronic conditions too: EMS calls for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) increased by nearly 70%. Calls for respiratory distress increased by 20%. Calls for cardiac arrest rose by 80%. And those for high blood pressure more than doubled. Other conditions also spiked: psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and dehydration, among others.

2018年夏天，巴尔的摩的高温指数达到103华氏度(美国国家气象局认为很危险的临界值)，全市紧急医疗服务中心(EMS)接到的潜在致命性的中暑电话大幅增加。但是接到慢性疾病的电话也增加了:EMS接到慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的电话增加了近70%。接到呼吸窘迫的电话增加了20%。接到心脏骤停的电话上升了80%。而高血压患者的人数则增加了一倍多。其他症状也急剧增加:精神疾病、滥用药物、脱水等。

The heat affected residents citywide. From 2013 to 2018, Medicaid patients in Baltimore's hottest areas visited the hospital at higher rates than Medicaid patients in the city's coolest areas. The low-income patients in the city's hot spots visited more often with several conditions, including asthma, COPD and heart disease, according to hospital inpatient and emergency room admissions data from Maryland's Health Services Cost Review Commission.

高温影响了整个城市的居民。从2013年到2018年，巴尔的摩最热地区的医疗补助患者就医率高于该市最冷地区的医疗补助患者。马里兰州卫生服务成本评估委员会的住院病人和急诊室入院数据显示，生活在城市炎热地区的低收入患者因多种疾病就诊的频率更高，包括哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病和心脏病。

In the Franklin Square neighborhood of West Baltimore, Shakira Franklin knows the link between heat and health all too well. She says her asthma is triggered by heat.

在巴尔的摩西部的富兰克林广场附近，夏奇拉·富兰克林非常清楚炎热与健康之间的关系。她说她的哮喘是由热引起的。

Pavement — particularly if it's black — absorbs heat and holds it in. At night, a city of more than 1 million people can be as much as 22 degrees warmerthan its surroundings. Even the buildings themselves, Stone says, can create a sort of canyon that traps heat.

人行道——尤其是黑色的路面——吸收热量并将其固定住。晚上，一个拥有100多万人口的城市可能会比周围温度高22度。甚至建筑本身,可以吸收热量。

Given these elements, it makes sense that many low-income areas are hotter than richer areas.

考虑到这些因素，许多低收入地区比富裕地区更热是有道理的。

Lower-income parts of the city tend to have less green cover. That's something that we see across a lot of cities.

城市中低收入地区的绿化覆盖率往往较低。这是我们在很多城市都能看到的。