“狼性文化”给华为带来了什么？

Earthquakes, terrorist attacks and low oxygen levels on Mount Everest could not hold them back.

地震、恐怖袭击和珠穆朗玛峰的缺氧状态都无法阻挡他们。

As the Chinese tech giant Huawei expanded around the globe, supplying equipment to bring mobile phone and data service to the planet’s farthest reaches, its employees were urged on by a culture that celebrated daring feats in pursuit of new business.

中国科技巨头华为向全球扩张，为全球最偏远的地区提供移动电话和数据服务所需的设备，在这个过程中，推崇以大胆举动追求新业务的文化激励着公司员工。

They worked grueling hours. They were encouraged to bend certain company rules, so long as doing so enriched the company and not employees personally, according to Huawei workers interviewed by The New York Times.

他们辛苦地长时间工作。据《纽约时报》采访的华为员工说，他们被鼓励违反公司的某些规定，只要这样做能让公司致富，而不是让员工个人致富。

Employees at the company and people who have studied it have a name for its hard-charging corporate spirit: “wolf culture.”

公司员工和研究该公司的人，为其强硬的企业精神取了一个名字：“狼性文化。”

Now, the company’s aggressive ways have been cast in a new light. The United States has accused Meng Wanzhou, a top Huawei executive and daughter of its founder, of committing bank fraud to help the company’s business in Iran.

现在，该公司咄咄逼人的方式变得更加清晰。美国指控华为高管及其创始人之女孟晚舟为帮助该公司在伊朗的业务，犯下了银行欺诈罪。

It is not clear precisely how Huawei’s culture shaped its dealings in Iran. But an intense will to get ahead, which helped propel it to the head of the global market for telecom network equipment, seems to have informed employees’ actions in previous cases that put the company under scrutiny.

目前还不完全清楚华为的文化是如何影响其伊朗业务的。强烈的前进愿望促使华为成了全球电信网络设备市场的领军企业，但在过去的几起案例中，似乎也令员工作出了那些受到密切关注的行为。

Huawei workers have been accused of bribing government officials to win business in Africa, copying an American competitor’s source code and even stealing the fingertip of a robot in a T-Mobile lab in Bellevue, Wash. In 2015, Huawei’s founder and chief executive, Ren Zhengfei, said that as part of a company amnesty program, thousands of employees had admitted to violations ranging from fraudulent reporting of financial information to bribery.

华为员工被指控贿赂政府官员以赢得在非洲的业务，抄袭美国竞争对手的源代码，甚至在华盛顿州贝尔维尤的T-Mobile实验室窃取机器人的指尖。2015年，华为创始人兼首席执行官任正非表示，作为公司赦免计划的一部分，数千名员工承认了从财务信息造假到行贿等一系列违规行为。

In an emailed statement, a spokesman said that Huawei requires all employees to study and sign guidelines on business conduct every year. “At the heart of the guidelines is the principle of acting in accordance with all local laws and regulations,” said the spokesman, Joe Kelly. “Where employees are found to have acted outside these guidelines, the company takes decisive action which can include immediate termination of employment.”

华为发言人在一份电子邮件声明中说，华为要求所有员工每年都要学习并签署商业行为准则。“指导方针的核心是按照所有当地法律法规行事的原则，” 发言人乔·凯利(Joe Kelly)说。“如果发现员工违反了这些准则，公司会采取果断行动，包括立即终止雇佣关系。”

Mr. Ren said in 2015 that Huawei had toughened its safeguards against employee misconduct. But the following year, in a speech that was emailed to employees, he acknowledged that many workers did not pay attention to internal rules and controls — perhaps, he said, because Huawei used to evaluate staff solely according to how much business they won.

任正非在2015年表示，华为已经加强了对员工不当行为的防范。但第二年，在一封通过电子邮件发给员工的演讲中，他承认，许多员工没有注意内部规则和控制——他说，这或许是因为华为过去只根据员工赢得的业务来评估他们。

More recently, in remarks that were emailed to employees, Mr. Ren said that it was important to enforce internal standards, but that this should not become a hindrance.

最近，任正非在发给员工的电子邮件中说，执行内部标准很重要，但这不应该成为一种障碍。

“If it blocks the business from producing grain, then we all starve to death,” he said, according to a transcript of his comments on a Huawei website.

根据华为网站上发表的一份文字记录，他表示：“如果阻扰业务不能产粮食，那我们只有饿死。”

Ms. Meng’s arrest this month has darkened China’s relations with the United States, scrambling efforts by the two nations to ease a tense economic conflict. Washington has worked for years to undermine Huawei, regarding its products as potential vehicles for espionage and sabotage — something the company denies.

本月，孟晚舟被捕让中美两国的关系蒙上了阴影，使两国缓解紧张经济冲突的努力陷入困境。数年来，美国政府一直致力于削弱华为，将其产品视为间谍和破坏活动的潜在工具——华为对此予以否认。

Security concerns about Huawei and other Chinese equipment providers are mounting among traditional allies of the United States.

在美国的传统盟友中，对华为和其他中国设备供应商的安全担忧与日俱增。

At the annual meeting of spy chiefs of the so-called Five Eyes countries, Huawei was among the topics discussed by senior intelligence officers from Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States, including Gina Haspel, the C.I.A. director, according to current and former officials. While there was no formal agreement to seek a ban of Huawei, the discussion shows the loose coordination Western security officials have pursued as they try to push the Chinese company out of agreements to build the next-generation mobile broadband networks, known as 5G, some of the officials said.

据现任和前任官员透露，在所谓的“五眼国家“(Five Eyes)间谍首脑年度会议上，包括中情局局长吉娜·哈斯佩尔(Gina Haspel)在内的英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大和美国的高级情报官员将华为作为讨论主题之一。一些官员表示，尽管没有达成寻求禁止华为的正式协议，但讨论表明，西方安全官员试图推动这家中国公司退出建设下一代移动宽带网络5G协议，并为此进行了松散的协调工作。

The pressure on the business is building. In Germany last week, Deutsche Telekom said it was taking seriously the “global discussion about the security of network elements from Chinese manufacturers.” On Monday, the Czech intelligence agency warned against the country working with Huawei and ZTE, another Chinese technology company.

华为面临的压力正在增大。上周在德国，德国电信(Deutsche Telekom)表示，它正在认真对待“来自中国制造商的有关网络成分安全的全球讨论“。周一，捷克情报机构对该国与华为和另一家中国科技公司中兴通讯的合作发出警告。

Huawei was founded in the late 1980s, during the tumultuous early years of China’s capitalist revival. Mr. Ren was an engineer in the People’s Liberation Army for nearly a decade before starting Huawei, and military values — tenacity, dedication, drive — have long suffused the company.

华为成立于1980年代末，当时正值中国资本主义复兴初期的动荡阶段。在创办华为之前，任正非曾在中国人民解放军当过近十年的工程师。长期以来，华为一直贯彻着坚韧、奉献、忠诚等军队价值观。

In the early years, squads of Huawei salesmen crisscrossed China in sport utility vehicles peddling the company’s telephone switches to post offices. Employees were given mattresses so they could nap while working late nights.

早些年，华为的销售团队开着运动型多功能车穿梭于中国各地，向邮局兜售公司的电话交换机。公司给员工配备了床垫，这样他们可以在公司工作到深夜，然后小睡片刻。

Company lore, as recounted in employee publications and admiring books by business professors, is heavy on stories of dogged staffers enduring physical hardship. They worked to keep telecom services running despite a terrorist attack in Mumbai and an earthquake in Algeria. They braved cold and sleeplessness to provide mobile coverage to climbers on Mount Everest.

员工刊物和商业教授们赞美该公司的书籍中描述了很多公司的传奇，其中有大量顽强的员工忍受物质困难的故事。在孟买恐怖袭击与阿尔及利亚地震期间，他们仍努力维持电信服务的正常运行。他们不顾寒冷和缺乏睡眠，为攀登珠穆朗玛峰的登山者提供移动通讯服务。

Today, the working hours are still long at Huawei, although folding beds at work are more likely to be used for midday shut-eye than for all-nighters, according to three employees. Several Huawei staffers spoke to The New York Times on condition of anonymity, fearing reprisals.

如今，据三名员工表示，华为的工作时间仍很长，尽管上班时折叠床可能更多是用于稍事午休，而非通宵熬夜，几名担心遭到报复而要求匿名的华为员工对《纽约时报》说。

New hires at Huawei take part in a boot camp-style training course that involves morning jogs and classes on the company’s culture. Employees also compose and perform skits that illustrate how they would persevere and serve their customers in difficult environs, such as war zones, according to three Huawei employees.

华为新员工会参加新兵训练营式的培训课程，涉及晨跑和企业文化课程。据三名华为员工表示，员工还会自编自演小品，展示他们如何在艰苦环境下坚持服务客户，比如在战区。

In a research lab in Huawei’s Shenzhen headquarters, a piece of framed calligraphy on the wall reads: “Sacrifice is a soldier’s highest cause. Victory is a soldier’s greatest contribution.”

在华为深圳总部的一个研究实验室，墙上挂着一幅装裱起来的书法：“牺牲是军人的最高付出。胜利是军人的最大奉献。”

This intense work environment isn’t universally admired in China. Internet users savaged Huawei after a 25-year-old employee died of encephalitis in 2006. A spate of employee suicides led to more outrage in the Chinese media.

如此紧张的工作环境，在中国也会引来不满。2006年，在一名25岁的员工因脑炎死亡后，华为遭网民猛烈抨击。一连串的员工自杀更令中国媒体哗然。

When it comes to staff conduct at Huawei, there are “red lines” that cannot be crossed under any circumstances, four employees told The Times. These include disclosing company secrets and breaking laws and sanctions.

谈及华为的员工行为规范，四名员工告诉《时报》，有任何情况下都不能踩的“红线”。其中包括透露公司秘密，违反法律和制裁禁令。

But in company parlance, there are also “yellow lines,” employees say. They say they are encouraged to ignore certain internal rules, such as a ban on using gifts or other inducements to win customers, if it benefits the firm to do so.

但员工说，公司用语中也有“黄线”。他们说公司鼓励他们忽略某些内部规定，比如禁止使用礼物或其他诱因赢取客户，如果这么做会令公司受益的话。

For some people at Huawei, these lines may have become blurred as the company grew rapidly around the globe.

对于华为的一部分人，随着公司在全球的迅速发展，这些线可能已变得模糊。

In 2002, Iraq’s government submitted to the United Nations a 12,000-page declaration on its weapons program, and Huawei was reported to have been named as one of dozens of foreign companies that broke an embargo and sold technology to Saddam Hussein’s regime. The company denied at the time that it had supplied equipment to Iraq. It said it had bid on two telecom projects in the country in 1999, but withdrew for commercial reasons.

2002年，伊拉克政府就其武器项目向联合国递交了长达12000页的申报单，华为据报道是当时因违反禁令、向萨达姆·侯赛因(Saddam Hussein)政权出售技术被点名的几十家外国公司之一。公司当时否认曾给伊拉克供应过设备。它说1999年曾在该国的两个电信项目上投过标，但因商业原因放弃了。

Another test came in 2003, when Huawei was sued by Cisco Systems, the American maker of computer network equipment, for allegedly copying its software and even language from its instruction manuals. The two sides settled out of court.

另一次检验发生在2003年，当时华为被美国计算机网络设备生产商思科系统公司(Cisco Systems)起诉，指控华为抄袭了它的软件，甚至操作说明书中的表述。双方后来庭外和解。

A decade later, T-Mobile said that Huawei employees had photographed and stolen a piece of a smartphone-testing robot named Tappy to help Huawei produce its own robot. Huawei acknowledged the transgressions and said the employees had been fired. A jury later awarded T-Mobile $4.8 million in damages.

十年后，T-Mobile称华为员工拍照并窃取了一款名为Tappy的智能检测机器人，以帮助华为制造自己的机器人。华为承认犯有过失，称相关员工已被解雇。一个陪审团后来做出了向T-Mobile支付480万美元赔偿金的裁定。

Allegations of impropriety of other kinds trailed Huawei’s expansion into Africa. In Ghana, an anticorruption group said in 2012 that the company had sponsored the governing party’s election campaign in exchange for tax breaks. That year, a Huawei executive was also convicted in Algeria of bribing an official from a state-run telecom operator.

关于其他类型的不当行为的指控涉及到华为在非洲的扩张。在加纳，一个反贪团体2012年称该公司赞助了执政党的竞选活动，以换取减税。同一年，一名华为高管在阿尔及利亚因行贿国营电信运营商的官员而被定罪。

Huawei did not comment on the accusation in Ghana at the time. After the Algerian court ruling, the company said it took the court’s decision “seriously” and was reviewing the outcome.

华为当时对加纳的指控未予置评。在阿尔及利亚的法庭判决之后，公司表示会“严肃”对待法庭的判决，并正在对结果进行核查。

In a 2013 New Year’s message that was published in an employee newspaper, Guo Ping, Huawei’s chief executive at the time, acknowledged that rapid growth had created problems and risks.

在发表在员工报纸上的2013年新年献词中，当时的华为首席执行官郭平承认快速发展造成了问题和风险。

“Not long ago, high-speed growth was Huawei’s priority,” Mr. Guo said. “This helped Huawei mature quickly, but it also caused Huawei’s management to become negligent.”

“曾几何时，高速增长是华为的优先追求，”郭说。“这造就了华为的快速成长，也形成了华为粗放管理的诟病。”

Now, he said, “we must control the impulse to expand, and hold to account managers who spread themselves too thin.”

现在，他说，我们“要控制扩张的冲动，问责乱铺摊子的主管。”

By then, Huawei had said it had halted expansion in one particularly sensitive market: Iran. Still, United States investigators now say the company broke the law in connection with its business there.

到那时为止，华为称已停止了在一个格外敏感的市场的扩张：伊朗。但美国调查人员如今仍说该公司在该国的业务违反了法律。

Huawei entered the Iranian market in 1999. Within a decade, the Chinese Embassy in Tehran was boasting that 130 cities in the country were connected to Huawei’s fiber optic network.

华为进入伊朗市场是在1999年。不到十年，中国驻德黑兰大使馆已声称该国130个城市都连上了华为的光纤网络。

“The Iranian telecom market’s reliance on Huawei’s products is growing day by day,” a 2009 article on the embassy’s website said. “Huawei has become the Iranian telecom market’s main hardware supplier.”

“伊朗通讯市场对华为的产品和服务的依赖度日益增长，”使馆网站上一则2009年的文章写道。“华为已成为伊朗通讯市场最主要的硬件供应商。”

Soon thereafter, the United Nations and the United States imposed new sanctions against Iran’s nuclear program. In 2011, Huawei said it would not sign new contracts in the country, citing the “complicated” situation there. It also said it would limit its business with existing customers.

此后不久，联合国和美国对伊朗的核计划实施了新的制裁。2011年，华为引述该国的局势“复杂化”，称不会在该国签署新的合约。它还表示将限制其与当前客户的业务。

The accusations against Ms. Meng, Huawei’s chief financial officer, stem from events in 2013.

对华为首席财务官孟晚舟的指控源于2013年的活动。

According to an affidavit that was made public during Ms. Meng’s bail hearing, Huawei used a company called Skycom as an unofficial subsidiary for doing business in Iran. The filing, which contains information provided by the United States, says that Ms. Meng concealed Skycom’s link to Huawei to reassure HSBC and other banks that Huawei was not violating American sanctions against Iran.

根据在孟晚舟的保释听证会上被公开的一份宣誓书，华为利用一家名为星通的公司作为在伊朗开展业务的非官方子公司。该文件同时包含美国所提供的信息，称孟晚舟隐匿了星通和华为的关联，以使汇丰银行及其它银行确信华为没有违反美国对伊朗的禁令。

As a result, HSBC and its American subsidiary had cleared more than $100 million in transactions with Skycom in Iran by 2014, the affidavit says.

结果，据宣誓书说，截止2014年，汇丰银行及其美国分行为星通处理了在伊朗的逾1亿美元财务交易。

Huawei still has a presence in Iran. At a cellphone bazaar in Tehran is a store that specializes in the company’s devices.

华为在伊朗仍有业务。在德黑兰的一处手机巴扎，有一家该公司设备的专卖店。

Inside, a shopkeeper, Hamed Hajipour, says Huawei’s phones are popular in Iran. Mr. Hajipour, 29, has even had his name tattooed in Chinese characters on his arm.

店主哈麦德·哈吉普尔(Hamed Hajipour)在店里说，华为的手机在伊朗很受欢迎。29岁的哈吉普尔甚至把他的中文名字纹到了手臂上。

“I love everything about China,” he said. “It’s a great and powerful country.”

“我喜爱关于中国的一切，”他说。“那是个伟大强盛的国家。”