研究发现，怀孕期间和之后的抑郁和焦虑可能会损害儿童发育

研究发现，怀孕期间和之后的抑郁和焦虑可能会损害儿童发育

A mother's depression and anxiety from conception through the first year of the baby's life is associated with negative developmental outcomes through adolescence, according to a study published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics.

周一发表在《美国医学会杂志·儿科学》上的一项研究显示，母亲从怀孕到婴儿出生头一年的抑郁和焦虑情绪，与孩子整个青春期的负面发展结果有关。

That could affect a lot of women: About 15% to 23% of women worldwide experience anxiety during pregnancy, while 15% deal with anxiety after childbirth. Depression through pregnancy is estimated to affect 10% of women, and 15% face postpartum depression. The burden is greater for women who are experiencing poverty or are teen parents, according to Postpartum Support International.

这可能会影响很多女性:全球大约15%至23%的女性在怀孕期间经历焦虑，而15%的女性在分娩后经历焦虑。据估计，10%的女性患有妊娠期抑郁症，15%面临产后抑郁症。据产后支持国际组织称，对于贫困妇女或未成年父母而言，这种负担更大。

For the baby, the perinatal stage — which is defined as the time from conception through pregnancy (antenatal), birth and the first year of the baby's life (postnatal) — is "a time of unprecedented growth and sensitivity," the study said. That's when exposures and early life experiences may modify development starting from when he or she is in the womb to that critical first year as a growing child and onward.

对婴儿来说，围产期，也就是从受孕到怀孕(产前)、出生到婴儿出生的第一年(产后)这段时间是“前所未有的发育和敏感时期，”研究称。在这个时期，接触的环境和早期的生活经历可能会改变发育，从他或她在子宫里开始到成长的关键第一年以及以后。

A mother experiencing depression and anxiety before and after birth was moderately linked with her child's deficits in language and cognitive and motor development in infancy.

母亲在出生前和产后经历抑郁和焦虑，与她的孩子在婴儿期的语言、认知和运动发育缺陷有一定的联系。

All of these children were more likely to exhibit behaviors that either internalized negative feelings or targeted them toward others. These kids experienced and reacted with more negative emotions and were temperamentally difficult through adolescence as well.

所有这些孩子都更有可能表现出将负面情绪内在化或针对他人的行为。这些孩子在青春期经历和反应了更多的负面情绪，在气质上也有困难。

"In light of the pandemic, these are particularly concerning results," said Dr. Denise Jamieson, chair of the department of gynecology and obstetrics at Emory University, who wasn't involved in the study. "Since risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress and lack of social support, pregnant and postpartum women may be particularly vulnerable right now.

埃默里大学妇产科主任丹尼斯·杰米森博士没有参与这项研究，她说:“鉴于流行病，这些结果尤其令人担忧。”“由于围产期抑郁的风险因素包括生活压力和缺乏社会支持，孕妇和产后妇女现在可能尤其容易受到影响。”

"These data that suggest that this poses risks not just for the mother, but also for her child, not just now but into adolescence, is a stark reminder that the indirect effects of Covid-19 may be long-lasting," Jamieson added.

杰米森补充说:“这些数据表明，这不仅对母亲，而且对她的孩子，不仅对现在，而且对进入青春期的孩子都有风险，这是一个鲜明的提醒，Covid-19的间接影响可能是长期的。”

Researchers have conducted reviews of studies on the relationship between a woman's mental health during this time and her child's development — but they hadn't previously evaluated the long-term effects of depression and anxiety at different stages of motherhood on a range of developmental functions from infancy through adolescence, the study said.

研究人员对这段时间内女性心理健康与孩子发育之间关系的研究进行了回顾，但他们之前没有评估过母亲不同阶段抑郁和焦虑对从婴儿期到青春期的一系列发育功能的长期影响，研究称。

The authors of the current study analyzed the association of perinatal depression and anxiety with social-emotional, cognitive, language, motor and adaptive behavior development in their offspring from infancy up to age 18. They also examined whether the timing of depression and anxiety, type of mental illness and offspring age affected the findings.

这项研究的作者分析了围产期抑郁和焦虑与她们的后代从婴儿期到18岁的社交情绪、认知、语言、运动和适应性行为发展之间的关系。他们还研究了抑郁和焦虑的发生时间、心理疾病的类型以及后代的年龄是否会影响研究结果。

Mental health before and after birth
出生前后的心理健康

Participants included 195,751 otherwise healthy mother-child pairs from 191 studies based in the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada and Norway.

参与者包括来自英国、美国、荷兰、澳大利亚、加拿大和挪威的191项研究的195,751对健康的母子。

These women had either reported their symptoms of depression and/or anxiety or had diagnoses, while later information about their children's development was also self-reported.

这些妇女要么报告了她们的抑郁和/或焦虑症状，要么得到了诊断，而后来关于她们孩子发展的信息也是自我报告的。

Depression and anxiety in the perinatal period had small-to-moderate associations with deficits in social-emotional behavior development through adolescence, such as peer problems, a lack of prosocial behaviors and attachment and emotional dysregulation.

围产期的抑郁和焦虑与青春期的社会情绪行为发展缺陷(如同龄人问题、亲社会行为缺失、依恋和情绪调节障碍)有小到中度的关联。