为未来100年的流感重新设计办公室

为未来100年的流感重新设计办公室

Architects say making the office more like the outdoors — with filtered air and good ventilation — will be a priority post-pandemic. This living wall in the Danielle N. Ripich Commons at the University of New England in Biddeford, Maine, is one such approach.

建筑师们说，让办公室更像室外——有过滤空气和良好的通风——将是流行病后的首要任务。缅因州比德福德新英格兰大学的丹妮尔·N·里皮奇公地的这堵活墙就是这样一种方法。

Office designers are scrambling now to try to get more members of the workforce safely back to their desks. Clear plastic sneeze guards have become familiar, as have floors taped off at 6-foot increments. But by 2025 or so, after the immediate threat of the coronavirus has likely passed, which short-term fixes will be part of the new normal? And what other design changes could be coming our way?

办公室设计师们现在正忙着让更多的员工安全回到办公桌前。透明的塑料喷嚏防护装置已经很熟悉了，地板也以每隔6英尺用胶带封住。但到2025年左右，在冠状病毒的直接威胁可能已经过去之后，哪些短期措施将成为新常态的一部分?还有什么其他的设计变化会出现在我们面前?

While the scale of the current pandemic is new, the need for architects to prioritize human health is not, says Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, director of the Institute for Health in the Built Environment. "We've designed buildings for 100-year floods," he says. "Now we have to learn to design for the 100-year flu."

建筑环境健康研究所主任凯文·范登韦梅伦伯格说，虽然目前的流行病规模是新的，但建筑师优先考虑人类健康的必要性并不是新的。他说:“我们已经设计了能够抵御百年洪水的建筑。”“现在我们必须学会为这种百年流感做设计。”

"There will be another epidemic or another pandemic — or there might just be another flu season," says Eve Edelstein, co-founder of the research-based design consultancy Clinicians for Design. "Let's go ahead and design for that reality."

“将会有另一种传染病或另一种流行病——或者可能只是另一个流感季节，”研究性设计咨询公司Clinicians for Design的联合创始人伊芙·埃德尔斯坦说。“让我们继续为现实设计。”

NPR spoke with five experts on workplace design to hear what they think small offices as well as high-rises will look like in five years.

美国国家公共广播电台(NPR)采访了五位工作场所设计专家，听取他们对五年后小型办公室和高层建筑的看法。

Easy and breezy

舒适和通风好

Public health officials agree that one of the simplest ways to prevent the indoor spread of any contagious respiratory virus is to increase the volume of outside air that comes into our buildings. The simple act of cracking a window can meaningfully dilute the concentration of infectious particles in the air.

公共卫生官员同意，防止任何传染性呼吸道病毒在室内传播的最简单方法之一是增加进入我们建筑物的外部空气量。打开窗户这一简单的动作就能有意无意地稀释空气中感染性颗粒的浓度。

But in many current American office buildings, the windows aren't operable — and for good reason. Creating a tight air seal in a building is one of the main strategies used to make buildings more energy efficient. So architects looking ahead are now grappling with how to increase outdoor ventilation without accelerating energy consumption.

但在美国现在的许多办公楼里，窗户是不能打开的，这是有原因的。在建筑物中创造一个紧密的气密性是使建筑物更节能的主要策略之一。因此，展望未来的建筑师们正在努力解决如何在不加速能耗的前提下增加室外通风。

More water stations

更多洗手台

Frequent hand-washing is one of the biggest ways to mitigate disease transmission, notes Reena Agarwal, chief operating officer at the Center for Active Design. But in many office buildings, the only sinks are inside bathrooms. By introducing self-contained hand-washing stations and hand sanitizer dispensers in high-traffic areas, designers can help make the healthy choice the easy choice.

活跃设计中心的首席运营官莉娜·阿加瓦尔指出，频繁洗手是减少疾病传播的最大方式之一。但在许多办公大楼里，唯一的水槽是在卫生间里。通过在高交通流量区域引入独立的洗手台和洗手液分发器，设计师可以让健康的选择变得更容易。

Installing airflow systems

安装气流系统

Some designers think the pandemic will bring about the end of the open-plan office, which eliminated many inside walls and partitions and reduced the amount of private space for each worker. Critics of the open-plan office say that the large volume of shared air and the lack of physical barriers between desks facilitate disease transmission.

一些设计师认为，流行病将导致开放式办公室的终结。开放式办公室消除了许多内部墙壁和隔墙，减少了每位员工的私人空间。对开放式办公室持批评态度的人士说，共用的大量空气，以及办公桌之间缺乏物理屏障，都助长了疾病的传播。

Rather than seal employees into individual hard-walled rooms, he says, office designers can preserve the benefits of open-plan offices by installing airflow systems that filter and reduce the amount of exhaled air from other people that employees inhale.

他说，办公室设计师可以通过安装气流系统，来过滤减少员工吸入他人呼出的空气量，从而保留开放式办公室的好处，而不是把员工封闭在单独的硬墙房间里。

Let the outside in

让外面的世界进来

This office tower design for a building in San Jose, Calif., incorporates a large central light well to maximize the amount of natural light that will reach each floor.

这是为加利福尼亚州圣何塞的一座建筑设计的办公大楼，它包含了一个大型中央采光井，以最大限度地增加自然光到达每一层楼的数量。

Each expert we spoke to for this story told us that a key strategy for promoting health in office buildings is to provide opportunities for employees to come in contact with the natural world. This type of "biophilic design" can boost productivity and physical health. Our panel cited strategies such as installing "living walls" instead of bland partitions and incorporating circadian-friendly lighting that brightens and dims across the workday. Asheshh Saheba, managing partner at the San Francisco office of the architecture firm Steinberg Hart, advises using high-performance natural construction materials, such as cross-laminated timber, rather than concrete, to create a more inviting office that is also environmentally sustainable.

我们为这个故事采访的每个专家都告诉我们，促进办公楼健康的关键策略是为员工提供接触自然世界的机会。这种“亲生物设计”可以提高生产力和身体健康。我们的专家小组列举了一些策略，比如安装“活墙”取代乏味的隔墙，以及采用有利于环保的照明系统，在工作日内变亮或变暗。建筑公司Steinberg Hart旧金山办事处的执行合伙人阿什施·萨赫巴建议使用高性能的天然建筑材料，如交叉层压木材，而不是混凝土，以创建一个更具吸引力的，同时也是环境可持续的办公室。