你真的需要注射流感疫苗吗?下面是如何决定的

你真的需要注射流感疫苗吗?下面是如何决定的

Thanksgiving leftovers are a distant memory, and December's extra travel, shopping and family commitments are already straining nerves, budgets and immune systems. It's officially "the holidays" — which also means we're well into a new flu season.

感恩节的剩饭剩菜已经成为遥远的记忆，12月额外的旅行、购物和家庭负担已经让人神经紧张、预算紧张和免疫系统紧张。这是官方的“节日”——这也意味着我们进入了一个新的流感季节。

It's never too late to benefit from a flu shot, even into December and January, says Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease specialist at Vanderbilt School of Medicine in Nashville.

纳什维范德比尔特医学院的传染病专家威廉·沙夫纳博士说，接种流感疫苗永远不会太迟，即使是在12月和1月。

"Giving influenza vaccine to people with heart disease, for example, is as important as giving them a statin," Schaffner says, yet many people living with chronic illness — and even many of their health care providers — don't realize how vital flu vaccination is to managing their condition.

沙夫纳说:“例如，给患有心脏病的人注射流感疫苗和给他们服用他汀类药物一样重要。”然而，许多患有慢性疾病的人，甚至他们的许多医疗服务提供者，都没有意识到流感疫苗对控制他们的病情有多么重要。

The vaccine's ability to prevent flu cases last year hovered around 44 percent overall; it was about 59 percent effective for young children and just 16 percent in adults over 65.

去年，该疫苗预防流感病例的能力总体上徘徊在44%左右;它对儿童的有效性约为59%，对65岁以上的成年人仅为16%。

"Effectiveness" only refers to the ability of the vaccine to prevent illness, and the vaccine does so much more than that," says Dr. LJ Tan, chief strategy officer for the nonprofit Immunization Action Coalition, based in St. Paul, Minn.

位于明尼苏达州圣保罗的非营利组织免疫行动联盟的首席战略官LJ 谭博士说，“有效性”只是指疫苗预防疾病的能力，而疫苗的作用远远不止于此。

Extra benefits from the flu shot for certain groups

对某些群体来说，注射流感疫苗还有额外的好处

In older adults, the flu shot prevents the loss of quality of life that can result from influenza complications, Tan says. That protection is also important for people with chronic conditions beyond heart disease, such as diabetes, asthma and lung or liver disease. Doctors say flu shots are also indicated for patients with suppressed immune systems, and most people who have an autoimmune condition.

谭说，在老年人中，注射流感疫苗可以防止流感并发症导致的生活质量下降。这种保护对患有心脏病以外的慢性疾病(如糖尿病、哮喘、肺病或肝病)的人也很重要。医生说，流感疫苗也适用于免疫系统受到抑制的病人，以及大多数有自身免疫性疾病的人。

What to expect this year

今年会发生什么呢

Flu cases don't typically peak until well after the start of the new year, but infections often begin picking up in December. Some states, including Texas and North Carolina, are already reporting the first influenza deaths of the season, including those of at least 10 children. Most children each year who die from the flu had not been vaccinated, and many were healthy until their infection.

流感病例通常要到新年后很久才会达到高峰，但感染通常在12月开始增加。包括德克萨斯州和北卡罗来纳州在内的一些州已经报告了本季度的首批流感死亡病例，其中包括至少10名儿童。每年死于流感的大多数儿童都没有接种疫苗，许多儿童在感染之前是健康的。

Flu shot options

流感疫苗的选择

As in past years, people have multiple options for flu vaccines this year. All the standard flu shots for 2019-2020 are quadrivalent — containing all four strains —according to the CDC. The only seasonal flu shots with trivalent (three-strain) options this year are the two recommended for people age 65 and older — a high-dose versionand the one with an "adjuvant," an extra ingredient that boosts the body's immune response to the vaccine.

和往年一样，今年人们有多种流感疫苗的选择。美国疾病控制与预防中心表示，2019-2020年的所有标准流感疫苗都是四价疫苗，包含所有四种菌株。今年唯一的三价(三株)季节性流感疫苗是两种推荐给65岁及以上人群的高剂量疫苗和一种含有“佐剂”的疫苗。“佐剂”是一种额外的成分，可以增强人体对疫苗的免疫反应。

Why myths about flu and flu shots persist

为什么关于流感和流感疫苗的神话一直存在

Too often, doctors say, people shy away from the shot because of some falsehoods or misconception they've heard about the flu vaccine.

医生们说，人们常常因为听到有关流感疫苗的一些谎言或误解而不愿接种疫苗。

1. The flu shot can't give you the flu.

注射流感疫苗不会让你得流感。

2. Deaths from influenza range from a few thousand to tens of thousands every U.S. flu season.

在美国，每个流感季节死于流感的人数从几千到几万不等。

3. Flu shot ingredients do not pose a risk to most people.

注射流感疫苗的成分对大多数人没有风险。

4.Pregnant women are particularly advised to get the flu shot.

特别建议孕妇接种流感疫苗

5. Revenue from vaccines comprise a tiny proportion of pharma profits, and make it possible

来自疫苗的收入只占制药公司利润的很小一部分，这使得疫苗成为可能