人造甜味剂对你的身体有什么作用

人造甜味剂对你的身体有什么作用

A comprehensive review of 56 studies on the effects of artificial sweeteners showed there are no real health benefits to consuming non-sugar sweeteners compared to real sugar. A team of European researchers analyzed the studies in a variety of areas: weight, blood sugar control, oral health, cancer, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, behavior and mood. There were no significant advantages in any area for those who consumed artificial sweeteners.

对56项有关人造甜味剂影响的研究进行的全面综述显示，与真正的糖相比，食用非糖甜味剂并没有真正的健康益处。一组欧洲研究人员分析了不同领域的研究:体重、血糖控制、口腔健康、癌症、心血管疾病、肾病、行为和情绪。对于那些食用人工甜味剂的人来说，在任何方面都没有明显的优势。

Not all sweeteners are built the same. (Photo: Gayvoronskaya_Yana/Shutterstock.com)

It's not just that artificial sweeteners have no real health benefits; they can cause harm.

人工甜味剂不仅没有真正的健康益处;它们会造成伤害。

The study followed more than 80,000 postmenopausal women and discovered that those who drank two or more beverages every day had a 29 percent higher risk of heart attack, 31 percent higher risk of blood-clot stroke and were 16 percent more likely to die a premature death compared to women who only drank once or week or not at all. The researchers warned that the study doesn't show cause and effect because there is no way to tell if a specific type of artificial sweetener or drink caused the spike in health problems or if it just exacerbated pre-existing health conditions.

研究了超过80000名绝经后妇女,发现那些每天饮用两个或两个以上的饮料心脏病发作的风险提高了29%,血凝块中风的风险高31%,研究人员警告说，这项研究没有显示出因果关系，因为我们无法判断是某种特定类型的人工甜味剂或饮料导致了健康问题的激增，还是只是加剧了先前的健康状况。

So it makes sense to reduce your consumption of soft drinks — but that's not necessarily an easy task.

因此减少软饮料的消费是有意义的——但这并不一定是一件容易的事情。

Quickly affects your gut bacteria

快速影响你的肠道细菌

The bacteria in your gut plays a role in a wide range of health issues. (Photo: T.L. Furrer/Shutterstock)

When scientists manipulated the gut bacteria in the mice's stomachs and killed most of it off, they found that the glucose intolerance disappeared.

当科学家们操纵小鼠胃里的肠道细菌并杀死大部分细菌时，他们发现葡萄糖耐受性消失了。

Based on what they found in mice, scientists conducted a small trial on humans that measured the gut bacteria of healthy people who consumed artificial sweeteners. They found that after just one week, participants started showing glucose intolerance and their gut bacteria composition had changed.

基于他们在老鼠身上的发现，科学家们在人类身上进行了一项小型试验，测量了食用人工甜味剂的健康人的肠道细菌。他们发现，仅仅一周后，参与者就开始出现葡萄糖耐受不良，他们的肠道细菌组成也发生了变化。

Do artificial sweeteners make us fat?

人造甜味剂会使我们发胖吗?

Artificial sweeteners may not be giving you an edge. (Photo: melissamn/Shutterstock.com)

No sugar and fewer calories make artificial sweeteners an attractive choice for those looking to keep the sweet taste but lose the pounds. A study presented at ENDO 2017, the Endocrine Society's annual conference in April, demonstrated that some sweeteners encourage the accumulation of fat, particularly among the already obese.

没有糖和更少的卡路里使得人造甜味剂对那些想要保持甜味但又想减肥的人来说是一个有吸引力的选择。在内分泌学会(内分泌学会)2017年4月的年会上发表的一项研究表明，一些甜味剂会促进脂肪的积累，尤其是在已经肥胖的人群中。

Based on these results, a second experiment was conducted, this time using biopsy samples of abdominal fat from those who consumed primarily sucralose. Four of the people were obese and four were a healthy weight. The first group demonstrated a higher increase in sugar (glucose) transport into cells and an overexpression of fat-producing genes compared to those at a healthy weight. Additionally, the first group's sweet taste receptions were 2.5-fold higher than those who didn't consume sweetners. The abundance of such receptions may play a part in allow glucose to center the cells.

基于这些结果，我们进行了第二次实验，这次使用的是那些主要食用三氯蔗糖的人腹部脂肪的活检样本。其中4人肥胖，4人体重正常。与正常体重的小鼠相比，第一组小鼠体内的糖(葡萄糖)转运增加较多，产生脂肪的基因也有过表达。此外，第一组对甜味的接受程度比不吃甜食的人高出2.5倍。这类受体的丰富程度可能在允许葡萄糖以细胞为中心的过程中发挥了一定作用。

A more recent review of the scientific evidence on artificial sweeteners concluded that there is no clear evidence that they help people manage their weight.

最近一项关于人造甜味剂的科学证据综述得出结论，没有明确的证据表明它们能帮助人们控制体重。

Diet sodas and stroke and dementia

无糖汽水与中风和痴呆的关系

Instead of drinking diet soda, try drinking water that's naturally flavored with fruit. (Photo: Markus Mainka/Shutterstock.com)

An April 2017 study found a link between diet sodas and a higher risk of stroke and dementia. The research didn't show a direct cause-and-effect relationship, only causation, and the researchers point out that the study had many limitations. Yet, because people who drank diet soda every day were almost three times as likely to develop stroke and dementia, researchers suggest that they may not be the healthiest alternative. The study was published in the American Heart Association's journal Stroke.

2017年4月的一项研究发现，无糖汽水与中风和痴呆症的高风险之间存在关联。这项研究没有显示出直接的因果关系，只有因果关系，研究人员指出这项研究有很多局限性。然而，由于每天喝无糖汽水的人患中风和痴呆的几率几乎是其他人的三倍，研究人员表示，无糖汽水可能不是最健康的选择。这项研究发表在美国心脏协会的《中风》杂志上。