关于潮汐你需要知道什么

关于潮汐你需要知道什么

When we talk about tides, most of us think it's when the ocean is higher or lower on the beach. But there's so much more to know.

当我们谈论潮汐的时候，我们大多数人认为是当海洋在海滩上高或低的时候。但还有很多东西需要了解。

Photo: Spencer Dybdahl Riffle/MNN Flickr Group

For starters, high tide is actually the crest of a really long wave. The highest tides in the world are found at the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia, where they have a range of 44.6 feet, but it's the same process happening everywhere.

首先，涨潮实际上是一个非常长的波浪的顶峰。世界上最高的潮汐出现在新斯科舍省的芬迪湾，其范围为44.6英尺，但世界各地都在经历着同样的过程。

NOAA explains it best:

NOAA对此做了最好的解释:

"Tides are very long-period waves that move through the oceans in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun. Tides originate in the oceans and progress toward the coastlines where they appear as the regular rise and fall of the sea surface. When the highest part, or crest, of the wave reaches a particular location, high tide occurs; low tide corresponds to the lowest part of the wave, or its trough. The difference in height between the high tide and the low tide is called the tidal range."

“潮汐是一种非常长的周期波，它在月球和太阳的作用下穿过海洋。潮汐起源于海洋，并向海岸线推进，在海岸线上，潮汐表现为海面有规律的涨落。当波浪的最高部分或波峰到达某一特定位置时，就会出现涨潮;退潮对应于波浪的最低部分，或波谷。涨潮和退潮之间的高度差称为潮差。”

The moon's gravitational pull causes the tides, but the sun's gravitational pull also plays a role. The sun's gravitational force is only about 46% of the moon's, which means its pull on Earth's oceans is smaller and so too is its effect on the tides. When the moon, the sun and Earth are aligned, the pull of the sun adds to the pull of the moon and causes extreme tides — or, extra long waves.

月球的引力引起潮汐，但太阳的引力也起作用。太阳的引力只有月球的46%，这意味着它对地球海洋的引力更小，对潮汐的影响也更小。当月亮、太阳和地球排成一线时，太阳的引力加上月亮的引力，就会引起极端的潮汐，或者说是超长的波浪。

This relationship also comes into play when we talk about king tides, a topic that comes up when a storm is on the horizon. King tides are simply an unscientific term used to describe really high tides. When the moon is closest to Earth — a state called perigee — and this coincides with a full or a new moon, this pushes the tidal range slightly higher.

当我们谈论潮汐王时，这种关系也会发挥作用，当暴风雨即将来临时，这个话题就会出现。国王潮汐只是一个不科学的术语，用来描述真正的高潮。当月球离地球最近的时候——一个叫做近地点的状态——与满月或新月同时出现，这就把潮汐范围推高了一点。

And when you throw a tropical storm or hurricane into the mix, things really get interesting because a storm system actually pushes more water ahead of it before it even makes landfall. Case in point, as Hurricane Dorian gets closer to the Florida coast, the tides become a bigger factor in how much damage is possible.

当你把热带风暴或飓风混合在一起的时候，事情就变得有趣了，因为风暴系统实际上在登陆之前就把更多的水推到了前面。举个例子，当飓风多里安(Dorian)逼近佛罗里达州海岸时，潮汐成为可能造成多大破坏的一个更大因素。

"The fact that this storm is hitting during some of the highest tides of the year is very concerning," CNN meteorologist Brandon Miller said. "The King Tides adding a couple of feet to the water height is almost like the storm being a category higher on scale."

美国有线电视新闻网气象学家布兰登·米勒说:“事实上，这场风暴是在今年一些最高的潮汐期间袭击的，这是非常令人担忧的。”“主潮使水位上升了几英尺，这几乎就像暴风雨在规模上是一个更高的类别。”