疫苗处于一种什么样的地位?

疫苗处于一种什么样的地位?

Facts:

事实

There are 14 different vaccines that are recommended for children between birth and age six, including those for diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, influenza, measles, mumps and rubella.

有14种不同的疫苗推荐给从出生至6岁的儿童，包括白喉、百日咳、破伤风、流感、麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹疫苗。

For more than 100 years, there has been public discord regarding vaccines based on issues like individual rights, religious freedoms, distrust of government and the effects that vaccines may have on the health of children.

100多年来，由于个人权利、宗教自由、对政府的不信任以及疫苗可能对儿童健康产生的影响等问题，公众对疫苗的看法一直存在分歧。

Vaccines fall into three general categories: medical, religious and philosophical.

疫苗一般分为三类:医学、宗教和哲学。

Median immunization coverage for state-required vaccines was approximately 94.3% for children entering kindergarten during the 2017-2018 school year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

根据疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)的数据，国家要求2017-2018学年进入幼儿园的儿童，疫苗的免疫覆盖率中位数约为94.3%。

Timeline:

时间轴：

1855 - Massachusetts mandates that school children are to be vaccinated (only the smallpox vaccine is available at the time).

1855年---马萨诸塞州规定学生必须接种疫苗(当时只有天花疫苗)。

November 13, 1922 - The US Supreme Court denies any constitutional violation in Zucht v. Kingin which Rosalyn Zucht believes that requiring vaccines violates her right to liberty without due process.

1922年11月13日---美国最高法院否认在Zucht v. Kingin案中有任何违反宪法的行为，Rosalyn Zucht认为，在没有正当程序的情况下，要求接种疫苗侵犯了她的自由权。

1952 - Dr. Jonas Salk and his team develop a vaccine for polio. A nationwide trial leads to the vaccine being declared in 1955 to be safe and effective.

1952年---乔纳斯·索尔克博士和他的团队开发了一种脊髓灰质炎疫苗。1955年，一项全国性的试验证明这种疫苗是安全有效的。

1963 - The first measles vaccine is released.

1963年---首支麻疹疫苗问世。

August 10, 1993 - Congress passes the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act which creates the Vaccines for Children Program, providing qualified children free vaccines.

1993年8月10日---国会通过了《儿童疫苗综合预算协调法案》，为儿童提供合格的免费疫苗。

2011 - Investigative reporter Brian Deer writes a series of articles in the BMJ exposing Wakefield's fraud. The articles state that he used distorted data and falsified medical histories of children that may have led to an unfounded relationship between vaccines and the development of autism.

2011年---调查记者布莱恩·迪尔在《英国医学杂志》上发表了一系列文章，揭露韦克菲尔德的欺诈行为。文章指出，他使用了扭曲的数据和伪造的儿童病史，这可能导致了疫苗与自闭症发展之间毫无根据的关系。

2011 - The US Public Health Service finds that 63% of parents who refuse and delay vaccines do so for fear their children could have serious side effects.

2011年---美国公共卫生服务机构发现，63%的父母因为担心孩子会产生严重的副作用而拒绝或推迟接种疫苗。

January 10, 2017 - Notable vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. meets with President-elect Donald Trump. Afterwards, Kennedy tells reporters he agreed to chair a commission on "vaccination safety and scientific integrity." A Trump spokeswoman later says that no decision has been made about setting up a commission on autism.

2017年1月10日---著名的疫苗怀疑论者小罗伯特·f·肯尼迪会见了当选总统唐纳德·特朗普。之后，肯尼迪告诉记者，他同意主持一个关于“疫苗安全和科学诚信”的委员会。特朗普的一位发言人后来表示，目前还没有决定成立一个自闭症委员会。

2019 - As of August 15, the CDC has confirmed 1,203 individual cases of measles in 30 states.

2019年---截至8月15日，美国疾病控制和预防中心已在30个州确认了1,203例麻疹病例。