乳腺癌患者指南

乳腺癌患者指南

Breast cancer is the most common cancer afflicting women in the United States, regardless of race or ethnicity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. In 2013, more than 40,000 women and 464 men died of the disease. In 2017, more than 250,000 women and over 2,000 men are expected to be diagnosed with the disease.

乳腺癌是美国女性最常见的癌症，不分种族。美国疾病控制与预防中心，简称cdc)报告称，每8名女性中就有1名将在有生之年被诊断出患有侵袭性乳腺癌。2013年，超过4万名女性和464名男性死于该病。2017年，预计将有25万多名女性和2000多名男性被诊断出患有这种疾病。

Signs and Symptoms

症状和体征

· A lump or thickness in or near the breast or under the arm

乳房内或靠近乳房或腋下的肿块或厚度

· Unexplained swelling or shrinkage of the breast, particularly on one side only

原因不明的乳房肿胀或萎缩，尤指一侧乳房

· Dimpling or puckering of the breast

乳房凹陷或褶皱

· Nipple discharge (fluid) other than breast milk that occurs without squeezing the nipple

不挤压乳头而出现的不是母乳的分泌物(液体)

Risk Factors

风险因素

There are many factors that contribute to whether you’ll develop breast cancer in your lifetime. The primary risk for any cancer is age – the older you are, the more chances you'll have a cell develop genetic mutations that could eventually grow into cancer. This is true for breast cancer, too, which affects more older women than it does younger women. The National Cancer institute reports that the median age at diagnosis among breast cancer patients is 62 years.

有很多因素会影响你一生中是否会患上乳腺癌。任何癌症的主要风险都是年龄——你越老，你的细胞发生基因突变的机会就越大，而这些突变最终可能发展成癌症。乳腺癌也是如此，老年女性比年轻女性受影响更大。美国国家癌症研究所报告称，乳腺癌患者的平均诊断年龄为62岁。

Genetics have also been shown to play a role in whether you’ll develop breast cancer. Genetic mutations on the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene have gotten a lot of attention over the past 10 years or so as being the primary source of genetically-based cases of breast cancer, but other genetic mutations can also lead to the development of cancer. Certain ethnicities, in particular Ashkenazi Jews, have a higher rate of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. A strong family history of breast, ovarian or prostate cancer could also point to a genetic component and may lead you to pursue genetic testing to get a better understanding of your individual risk.

基因也会影响你是否会患上乳腺癌。在过去10年左右的时间里，BRCA1和BRCA2基因的基因突变作为乳腺癌基因病例的主要来源而备受关注，但其他基因突变也可能导致癌症的发展。某些种族，特别是德系犹太人，具有更高的BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变率。有很强的乳腺癌、卵巢癌或前列腺癌家族史也可能与遗传因素有关，这可能会促使你进行基因检测，以更好地了解你的个人风险。

Treatments

治疗

· Lumpectomy, in which the cancerous tissue is removed from the breast but most of the breast is left intact.

肿块切除术，其中癌变组织从乳房中切除，但大部分乳房完好无损。

· A mastectomy, in which the entire breast is removed. The surgeon may also remove some nearby lymph nodes.

乳房切除术，切除整个乳房的手术。外科医生也可以切除附近的一些淋巴结。

· A bilateral mastectomy, in which both breasts are removed, along with nearby lymph nodes.

双侧乳房切除术，其中两个乳房都被切除，以及附近的淋巴结。

· Radiation. Radiation therapy uses targeted, high-energy light and X-rays to kill cancer cells where they grow. It’s used in certain breast cancer cases to kill cancer cells, but not all.

放射。放射疗法使用定向的高能光和X射线来杀死癌细胞生长的地方。它在某些乳腺癌病例中被用来杀死癌细胞，但不是全部。