我是怎么抓到切•格瓦拉的?
1967年10月8日，埃内斯托•切•格瓦拉(Ernesto 'Che' Guevara，切是绰号)在玻利维亚被俘。作为1959年古巴革命的关键人物，格瓦拉来到玻利维亚，是希望将它变成“许多个越南”中的一个——他在1966年《通过三大洲会议致世界人民的信》(Message to the Tricontinental)中呼吁让更多的国家像越南一样(根据公开资料，该信发表于1967年——译者注)。关于格瓦拉之死的记载众说纷纭，有些细节至今仍存在争议。
“On October 8 my soldiers were controlling the route out of the Yuro ravine, an area that was covered with thick underbrush, rocks and trees. At around one o’clock they shouted that they had two prisoners. I ran 20 metres uphill to see them and asked one of the captives to identify himself. ‘Che Guevara,’ he said. The other was ‘Willy’ [Simeón Cuba Sarabia, another guerrilla].
“10月8日，我的士兵控制了尤罗(Yuro)峡谷外面的路，那里到处是大石头、茂密的灌木丛和树林。大概一点钟左右，他们喊着抓到了两名俘虏。我往山坡上跑了20米后看到了这两人，遂让其中一名俘虏报上姓名。‘切•格瓦拉，’他说。另一名俘虏是‘威利’(Willy)，即游击队员西梅翁•库巴•萨拉比亚(Simeón Cuba Sarabia)。
There were confusing rumours about three or four possible ‘Che Guevaras’ being in the region at that time, so it was essential to check his identity. I asked Che to show me his right hand because, according to the information I had, he had a scar on the back of it. The scar was indeed there. He didn’t look much like the photographs. He presented a pitiful figure, dirty, smelly and run-down. He’d been on the run for months. His hair was long, messy and matted, and his beard bushy. Over his uniform he was wearing a blue jacket with no buttons. His black beret was filthy. He had no shoes, just scraps of animal skins on his feet. He was wearing odd socks, one blue, one red. He looked like those homeless people you see begging in the cities pushing a supermarket trolley. I noticed that he was carefully carrying an aluminium pan with six eggs in it — it showed he’d had contact with the locals.
当时谣言四起，按照各种传闻，这片地区可能得有三四个‘切•格瓦拉’，所以必须核实他的身份。我让切给我看他的右手，因为根据我得到的信息，格瓦拉右手背上有一道疤痕。他伸出右手，手上真的有道疤。他看上去跟照片上不太像，整个人形容憔悴，浑身又脏又臭，而且精疲力尽。他已经逃亡了几个月时间。他的头发很长，乱蓬蓬地散着，还有一脸浓密的胡须。他的军装外面套着一件蓝色夹克，扣子都掉光了。他的黑色贝雷帽污秽不堪。他没穿鞋子，脚上只缠着几片动物皮毛。袜子也不配对，一只蓝色，一只红色。他看着就像你在城里见过的那些推着超市购物车到处乞讨的流浪汉。我注意到他小心地带着一口铝锅，里面装了6枚鸡蛋，证明他与当地人接触过。
Che had been wounded in his right calf when trying to escape capture by running down the ravine. I had placed a machine gun to cover the area, plus a 60mm mortar to support it. My soldiers had opened fire on Che, hit him in the calf, made a hole in his beret and broken the M2 carbine he was carrying.
切从峡谷上跑下来试图突围时伤了右小腿。我在那片地区设了一挺机关枪，外加一门60毫米迫击炮。我的士兵们向切开枪时击中了他的小腿肚，在他的贝雷帽上打了个洞，还打坏了他身上背着的M2卡宾枪。
Che was depressed, completely demoralised. He was seeing the end. He’d had five guerrillas killed, so he wasn’t happy about that. He saw me calling up more troops to secure the area and said: ‘Don’t worry captain, this is the end. It’s over.’ I said: ‘It may be over for you, and you might be a prisoner now, but there are still some good fighters in the ravine.’
切情绪低落，彻底丧失了斗志。他看到了自己的结局。他有五名游击队员被击毙，这让他难过。他见我呼叫部队增援来守卫该区域，就说：‘不用担心，上尉，这就是结局。都结束了。’我说：‘对你来说可能结束了，虽然你现在成了俘虏，可峡谷里还有些特别能打的游击队员。’
He asked me for some water. He had a canteen but I worried that he might have some kind of poison and try to kill himself, so I gave him water from my canteen along with some of my cigarettes. I confiscated everything he had in his pockets and rucksack, including some money and his diaries. Che was totally resigned and offered no resistance. He had a pistol but it had no clips to carry ammunition. So basically he was unarmed.
他跟我要水喝。他带了一个水壶，但我担心他身上可能带了什么毒药，他也许会自杀，于是从自己的水壶里倒了些水给他，还分给他几根香烟。我收走了他衣兜和背包里的所有东西，包括一些现金和他的日记。切完全顺从，毫不反抗。他有把手枪，但没有弹匣装子弹。所以基本上他手无寸铁。
Che also had two Rolex watches, one on his wrist, one in his pocket which he told me had belonged to ‘Tuma’, a guerrilla who had died a couple of months before. He said the whole Cuban group had been given watches by Fidel Castro as a farewell gift.
切还有两块劳力士表，一块戴在他手腕上，一块在他衣兜里揣着，他告诉我这块表是‘图马’(Tuma)的——几个月前死掉的一名游击队员。他说整个古巴游击小组的队员都有菲德尔•卡斯特罗(Fidel Castro)赠予的手表，作为告别礼物。
By five in the afternoon it was starting to get dark, so I decided to call off the operation and take all my dead, wounded and prisoners to La Higuera, two kilometres away, and spend the night there. La Higuera was a village of around 20 adobe houses with straw roofs, inhabited by poor peasants who survived by cultivating the land they owned around the village.
下午五点时天开始黑了，我决定结束这次行动，带着所有伤亡人员和俘虏前往两公里外的拉伊格拉(La Higuera)，在那里过夜。拉伊格拉是一座小村庄，村里有二十几幢茅草顶土坯房，住户都是贫苦的农民，以耕种村庄周围的土地为生。
My soldiers helped Che walk, because of his wounded calf. As we walked, Che said to me: ‘I’m more use to you alive than dead.’ The local peasants helped us get everyone to La Higuera; they were keen to help us fight the guerrillas, whom they distrusted, as they believed they were trying to invade their country.
由于切的小腿受了伤，我的士兵们搀着他行走。路上切对我说：‘我活着比死了对你更有用。’当地农民帮我们把每一个人都弄到拉伊格拉村;他们很愿意帮助我们打击游击队，因为他们并不信任游击队，认为这些人想要侵略自己的国家。
We spent the night in the tiny schoolhouse in La Higuera.
我们在拉伊格拉村矮小的校舍里过了一夜。
In one room we kept Willy and the dead bodies, and in the other Che, with one of my officers sitting with him in two-hour shifts. We fed both prisoners a meal of meat, potatoes and rice, and gave them coffee and cigarettes. I did not sleep that night as I was checking the security both of the village and the prisoners.
我们把威利和几个死者的尸体关在一间房间里，将切安排到另一间屋子，让一名军官看守他，每两小时换一次班。我们给两名俘虏提供了一顿饭，有肉、土豆和米饭，还给了他们咖啡和香烟。那天夜里我一宿没睡，一直在巡查村庄和俘虏的守卫情况。
During the night I conversed with Che seven or eight times, and after two or three talks he seemed to perk up a bit, as if he was interested in what was going to happen to him. He recovered some of his character.
晚上我和切有过七八次交谈，聊了两三次后，他看上去振作了一点，似乎对他要面临的命运有了兴趣，恢复了些他的性子。
Both of us were trying to understand the situation. I asked him: ‘Why did you come to Bolivia? One of the things you say in your book on guerrilla warfare is that if any country has a democratic government, even with some problems, it’s very difficult to foment revolution there.’ (We had a democratic government in Bolivia — President René Barrientos had been elected one year earlier — and we had a parliament, a free press and so on.) He didn’t reply, so I asked again: ‘Why did you come here?’ He said: ‘It wasn’t just my decision, it was a decision taken on other levels.’ ‘What levels? Fidel?’ I asked. ‘Other levels,’ he replied, and we left it at that. Of course, it was clear the command had come from Cuba.
我们俩都想搞清当时的情况。我问他：‘你为什么要来玻利维亚?你写的那本游击战书里说过，如果一个国家拥有民主政府，那么即使它存在一些问题，也很难在该国煽动起革命。’(我们玻利维亚已经有了民主政府，一年前我们选出了雷内•巴里恩托斯总统，而且我们还有议会，有新闻自由等等。)他没有回答，于是我又问道：‘你为什么来这儿?’他说：‘这不仅仅是我个人的决定，而是其他层面做出的决定。’我问：‘什么层面?菲德尔?’他回复：‘其他层面。’我们没有继续谈论这个话题。当然，很明显这一命令来自古巴。
I asked him if he’d heard about the national revolution we’d had in Bolivia in 1952 and he said, ‘Yes, I was here.’ So I asked: ‘Why did you come here to offer people land when we’ve had a very profound land reform already? That’s why no peasants are joining your movement.’ He replied: ‘Yes, we were wrong about that, we had the wrong information.’
我问他是否听说过1952年我们在玻利维亚掀起的全国革命，他说‘是的，我当时就在这儿。’于是我问到：‘我们的土地革命已经进行得非常深入，你为什么还要来这儿为人民争取土地?这就是为什么没有农民加入你们的运动。’他回答道：‘是的，我们在这件事上犯了错，我们掌握的信息有误。’
Che came to Bolivia because he had nowhere to go. After his failure in Africa [he had not been able to bring ‘revolutionary war’ to the Congo] he went to Prague. He was trying to patch up things with Fidel but he had given up his Cuban nationality and his position as commander of the Cuban army. He couldn’t go back to Cuba so he went back underground. He talked with Castro and that’s when they decided on South America. But I believe it was just the solution that Fidel found to get rid of him because he had no use for him in Cuba. Che was a problem for him, for Cuba and for the Cuban Communist party, because Che was advocating revolutionary action at a time when Fidel had agreed to another approach to the Soviet Union. The idea of peaceful coexistence had been agreed between the two superpowers, so they had agreed not to help guerrilla movements in Latin America. So Che was a problem and the best way to get rid of him was to send him on an adventure in Bolivia and cut off all support. Once Che was here, he got no support at all from Cuba. No people, no contact, nothing. Che told me they’d lost all communication [with Cuba] when they had left their base camp in south-east Bolivia, after it was taken by the army, so they were completely isolated.
切之所以来玻利维亚是因为他无处可去。在非洲遭遇失败之后(他没能将‘革命战争’带到刚果)他去了布拉格。他设法修复与菲德尔的关系，但他之前已经放弃了古巴国籍和军衔。他不能回古巴，所以他是秘密回去的。他与卡斯特罗谈过，就在那次谈话中他们就南美的事情做了决定。但我认为这只是菲德尔想要摆脱格瓦拉的对策，因为格瓦拉对他在古巴已经没有任何用处。切对于他，对于古巴和古巴共产党来说都一个问题，因为当时菲德尔已同意转变对苏联政策，而切还在鼓吹革命行动。这两大强国之间已经达成了和平共处的共识，因此它们同意不帮助拉美的游击运动。于是切就成了一个问题，而摆脱他的最好办法就是派他去玻利维亚冒险，同时切断对他的所有支持。切一到玻利维亚就得不到古巴的任何支持。没人手，完全失去联系，什么都没有。切告诉我，当他们在玻利维亚东南部的大本营被政府军占领后，他们就离开了大本营，从此失去了与古巴的一切联系，完全陷入孤立。
Che was clearly worried about what was going to happen to him. I told him he’d be put under a military court because at that time [the French journalist] Régis Debray and other foreigners were under court martial in Camiri for being part of Che’s revolutionary group, and I assumed it would be the same with Che. We started talking about what his trial would be like. Debray’s trial had attracted a lot of publicity, it was quite a show, and Che had heard about it on Bolivian radio, so he probably thought a trial would be a good opportunity for him.
切显然为自己即将面临的命运担忧。我告诉他，他会被送上军事法庭，因为当时(法国记者)雷吉斯•德布雷(Régis Debray)等一些外国人因参与格瓦拉革命组织已被送上卡米里军事法庭受审，我推测切的命运也一样。我们开始谈论他的审判将如何进行。德布雷的审判吸引了大量关注，成了一场精彩演出。切此前从玻利维亚的广播上听过这场审判，因此他可能觉得一场审判将是他的一次好机会。
We talked about the Cuban revolution, too. Each of us was trying to find out what the other thought. ‘You’ve been trained by the Americans,’ he said. ‘Yes,’ I said, ‘and you’ve been trained by the Russians, so we are both puppets of the superpowers and have to find our own way.’ He agreed.
我们还谈到了古巴革命，我们俩都想要搞清楚对方的想法。他说：‘你们受过美国人的训练。’我说：‘是的。而你们受过俄罗斯人的训练，所以我们都是超级大国的傀儡，我们必须找到自己的道路。’他表示赞同。
During the night I looked at Che’s diaries and asked him about some of the things he said in them. A bit later Che told me that my soldiers had taken his Rolex watches, so I called them and told them to give them back. I handed them to Che but he said, ‘Tomorrow another soldier will take them off me, so please keep them for me.’ He took a small stone from the floor and scratched a cross on the back of one of the watches. ‘That’s mine,’ he said, handing it to me. After Che was dead I took it to my battalion commander but he told me to keep it. I kept it until 1985, when we re-established democracy in Bolivia and restored diplomatic relations with Cuba. I sent it to his family via the Cuban embassy.
那天晚上我翻着切的日记，问他一些他在日记里提到的事。稍后切告诉我，我的士兵拿走了他那两块劳力士手表，我把他们叫来，让他们把表还给他。我把表递给切，他却说：‘明天还会有别的士兵把表拿走，所以请替我保管它们吧。’他从地上捡起了一块小石头，在其中一块手表背面划了个十字架。‘这块是我的’，他边说边将手表递给我。切死后我把这块手表交给我的营长，他让我继续留着。这块表被我保管到1985年，那时我们在玻利维亚重新建立起了民主政体并与古巴恢复了外交关系。我通过古巴大使馆将这块表送交了他的家人。
At dawn, the commander of the 8th Division, Colonel [Joaquín] Zenteno, arrived by helicopter from Vallegrande, the provincial capital 60 kilometres north. I gave him a report of the situation and handed the prisoners to him — including Che, who was calm and quiet. Zenteno was accompanied by CIA agent Félix Rodríguez.
黎明时，第八师师长华金•森特诺上校(Joaquín Zenteno)乘直升机从北面60公里之外的巴耶格兰德镇(Vallegrande)抵达拉伊格拉村。我向他汇报了情况，将俘虏转交给他。切也在其中，他十分平静。陪同森特诺的是美国中情局(CIA)特工费利克斯•罗德里格斯(Félix Rodríguez)。
I left La Higuera to return to the ravine with fresh troops to try to capture the rest of the group — there were still five left in the area. When I returned to La Higuera at around noon, after capturing two more guerrillas, I found Che dead. My battalion commander, Major Ayoroa, told me he’d been executed. The division commander had left for Vallegrande but had left instructions to send Che’s body by helicopter. So at around 1.30pm we strapped his stretcher to the runners of a chopper, and that was the last time I saw him.
我离开了拉伊格拉村，带着新部队返回尤罗峡谷，抓捕游击队剩余成员，该地区还有5名游击队员。我又抓了两名游击队员，大概于中午时分返回了拉伊格拉，得知切死了。我的营长阿约罗亚少校(Ayoroa)告诉我切已被处决。师长已返回巴耶格兰德，但留下指示将切的尸体用直升机运走。下午一点半左右我们将切的担架绑在直升机起落架上，那是我最后一次看到他。
The man who shot Che, NCO Mario Terán, later told me what had happened. After the order had come from the president and the military high command to kill Che, Colonel Zenteno had asked for volunteers from the NCOs who were around at that moment — there were seven. [Some of the many varying accounts claim that Prado himself was present when the order was received. Prado strongly denies this.] Contrary to the myth that no one wanted to pull the trigger, all the soldiers volunteered. So he selected two at random, saying, ‘OK, you do that room [where Che was] and you do that room [where Willy was].’ So they entered and fired their M2 carbines. It happened very fast. From what Terán told me, Che died from a single burst. There were no speeches, no goodbyes, nothing.
行刑的是马里奥•特兰军士(NCO Mario Terán)，后来他告诉了我事情的经过。在收到来自总统和军方高层处死切的命令后，森特诺上校从当时在场的七名军士中召集志愿者。(在众多记载中，有些版本称接到这一命令时普拉多本人也在场。普拉多对此强烈否认。)传说当时没人想去扣动扳机，其实恰恰相反，在场所有士兵都主动请缨。于是森特诺上校随机选了两名军士，他说：‘好吧，你处理那间房(切所在房间)，你处理那间房(威利所在房间)。’两名军士遂走进房间扣动了他们的M2卡宾枪。整件事发生地非常快。据特兰告诉我，切是被一枪击毙的，没留下任何演讲、任何告别，一字未留。
When Che’s body arrived in Vallegrande it was washed and groomed in the hospital following instructions from the army. The military wanted him to look like the Che Guevara people have an image of; if you’d seen Che the way he looked when captured, you wouldn’t have recognised him. There were other bodies on the floor but they weren’t cleaned or anything; Che was the only one who got this treatment because of the importance of showing it was the real Che Guevara. He was then laid out on a concrete slab in the little laundry behind the hospital and around 30 press photographers from all over the world were invited in to shoot images of the body as it lay in state. It was important for the government and the military to show Che dead as a lesson to anyone intending to invade or threaten the Bolivian way of life in the future.
切的尸体运抵巴耶格兰德后，当地医院在军方指示下为他的尸体做了清理和梳洗。军方希望他看起来像人们印象中的切•格瓦拉;如果你见过切被俘时的样子，你是认不出他的。地上还陈放着其他尸体，但他们没有得到清洗之类的待遇，切是有此待遇的唯一一人，因为证明这是真的切•格瓦拉很重要。他被陈放在医院后面一间小洗衣房里的一块混凝土板上，约30名来自世界各地的新闻摄影记者受邀来拍摄他的遗体。对于玻利维亚政府和军方来说，展示切已经死亡，以此告诫任何意图入侵玻利维亚或威胁玻利维亚生活方式的人，是非常重要的。
To prove Che’s identity we needed fingerprints and documents with Che’s handwriting, so the Bolivian government asked the government of Argentina [where Che was born] to send proof. They sent two police experts, who brought the fingerprints from his 1952 passport and examples of his writing. Transport was slow in those days, so it took them quite a while to get to Che’s body. In the meantime the body was in a serious state of decomposition; it had a terrible smell and there was nowhere to store it. So the decision was made to bury the body and keep the hands in formaldehyde.
为了证明切的身份，我们需要指纹和有切笔迹的文件，于是玻利维亚政府请求阿根廷政府(切的出生国)送来证明材料。阿根廷政府派了两名警方专家过来，他们带来了从切1952年护照上取下的指纹，以及他的手迹样本。当时的交通运输还很慢，两名专家花了好一段时间才抵达切的遗体陈放地。在此期间切的尸体腐败严重，散发出难闻的气味，而且也没地方存放。因此有关方面作出决定，就地掩埋他的尸体，将他的双手浸入甲醛保存。
When the experts finally arrived they took the fingerprints from the hands and certified that it was indeed Che, and they did the same with the writing. The hands were kept by the minister of the interior, who later gave them to a communist friend of his, who sent them to Castro. They’ve since been returned to Che’s family.
当两名专家终于抵达时，他们从切的手上采集了指纹，证明这确实是切本人，他们用手迹作出了同样的证明。切的双手被内政部长保管，后来他又将这双手送给他的一名共产主义朋友，这名友人又将它们送给了卡斯特罗。现在切的双手已被归还给他的家人。
I was shocked about the execution, I didn’t expect that. I thought Che would have been tried like other prisoners. The whole thing was badly managed. The Bolivian government put out the misinformation that Che had died in combat, but then came reports that he’d been seen walking to La Higuera, so finally the president had to come clean. I think he made the decision to execute because if Che had been taken prisoner he’d have been put on trial and the trial would have been a cause célèbre. They were already tired of the show with Debray, and a trial of Che Guevara would attract thousands of journalists, so that had to be avoided. Also, if we’d tried him he’d have been condemned to 30 years in jail — we have no death sentence in Bolivia and the maximum jail term is 30 years. But where would we keep him for 30 years? We have no secure jails in Bolivia, so we’d always have the problem of people trying to liberate him. So we executed Che to get rid of the problem. But it was badly managed. It would have been fine if they’d managed to sustain the idea that he’d died heroically in combat, but the truth — that he’d been executed — had become public.
我对切被处死感到震惊，我没预料到这一幕。我以为切会像其他俘虏那样受到审判。这整件事的处置非常糟糕。玻利维亚政府先是发布了错误消息，称切已在战斗中死亡，随后又有报道说有人见到切正步行前往拉伊格拉村，最后总统不得不出面澄清。我认为总统之所以作出处决切的决定是因为如果切被关押，他就会受到审判，而这场审判将轰动全球。他们已经厌倦了德布雷审判那场戏，而审判切•格瓦拉将吸引成千上万的记者，因此必须避免。此外，如果我们审判他，他将被判处30年监禁——我们玻利维亚没有死刑，最高刑期就是30年。但我们在哪里看管他30年呢?我们玻利维亚没有一间可靠的监狱，所以我们将不断遇到有人试图救他出狱的问题。于是，为了避免这种情况，我们处死了切。但这件事处理得很糟。如果当时他们让人们继续相信切已英勇战死，这样处理就很好，可惜切被处决的真相已经公开了。
As for Che’s achievements, he committed a lot of mistakes here as a guerrilla leader. He contradicted everything he’d written in his books. That’s what led him to fail. You see his image on posters everywhere, something I don’t think Che would have liked. But most people don’t know who he was, or what he did. He was good at theory but when the chance came to practise his ideas [in Bolivia], he was a total failure.”
说到切的作为，他在玻利维亚当游击队长时犯了很多错误。他与自己书里所写的一切都背道而驰，而这导致了他的失败。到处都能看到他的肖像海报，我觉得切不会喜欢这东西。但大多数人不了解他这个人，或者他所做的事。他精通理论，但当他有机会(在玻利维亚)实践他的想法时，他成了一个彻头彻尾的失败者。”
After his role as a captain in Bolivia’s elite US-trained 2nd Ranger battalion, Gary Prado Salmón became a minister in the Bolivian government. In 1981 he was paralysed and confined to a wheelchair after being accidentally shot in the back. He went on to serve as Bolivia’s ambassador to the UK and Mexico, and now teaches at a private university in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Clare Hargreaves lived in Bolivia (and met Prado) while researching ‘Snowfields’, a book about South America’s cocaine trade; clarehargreaves.co.uk
加里•普拉多•萨尔蒙(Gary Prado Salmón)曾是玻利维亚第二突击营的一名上尉，这支精锐部队由美军训练。后来他成为玻利维亚政府的一名部长。1981年他因后背意外中枪导致瘫痪，只能坐轮椅。随后他又相继担任了玻利维亚驻英国和墨西哥大使，如今他在玻利维亚圣克鲁斯的一所私立大学教书。克莱尔•哈格里夫斯(Clare Hargreaves)在为撰写一本关于南美可卡因交易的书《雪原》(Snowfields)进行研究工作期间，居住在玻利维亚(并在这里认识了普拉多)。
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