2022年11月15日 VOA慢速英语：创造韧性：是天生的还是后天培养的？

 

There is a growing debate among scientists about how people face difficulties and recover from them.
科学家们对人们如何面对困难并从中恢复过来的争论越来越激烈。
 
The word resilience describes the ability to deal with stress and to recover from it.
弹性一词描述了处理压力并从中恢复的能力。
 
The researchers are asking, ‘why do some people recover and others struggle after traumatic events such as child abuse, gun violence or the spread of disease?'
研究人员问，“为什么有些人在经历了虐待儿童、枪支暴力或疾病传播等创伤性事件后康复，而另一些人却挣扎不已？”
 
They want to know whether the ability to recover from stress is in our nature, in our genes, or in the way we were brought up by our parents, how we were nurtured.
他们想知道从压力中恢复的能力是否存在于我们的天性中，存在于我们的基因中， 或者存在于我们父母的养育方式中，我们是如何被养育的。
 
Research suggests that both nature and nurture are responsible for creating resilience. But researchers say neither guarantees recovery from hardship.
研究表明，先天和后天都对创造复原力负责。但研究人员表示，两者都不能保证从困境中恢复过来。
 
The American Psychological Association says anyone can learn resilience through kinds of behaviors, thoughts and actions. But that it is not always easy.
美国心理学会表示，任何人都可以通过各种行为、思想和行动来学习韧性。但这并不总是那么容易。
 
In the mid-1990s, research in the United States connected negative childhood experiences with problems in adulthood, like poor mental and physical health. The research also said that each additional negative experience increased risk later on.
在 20 世纪 90 年代中期，美国的研究将消极的童年经历与成年后的问题联系起来，例如身心健康不佳。该研究还表示，每一次额外的负面经历都会增加以后的风险。
 
Many studies have tried to answer, ‘Why some children are more at risk for some bad experiences than others?'
许多研究试图回答，“为什么有些孩子比其他孩子更容易遭受某些不良经历？”
 
Dr. Thomas Boyce is a researcher and treats children in California. He wanted to find the answer to that question because of his own family.
Thomas Boyce 博士是一名研究人员，在加利福尼亚治疗儿童。因为他自己的家人，他想找到这个问题的答案。
 
He was very close to his younger sister. They experienced a difficult childhood. As they grew up, Boyce's life seemed to progress, but his sister experienced struggles and mental problems.
他和他的妹妹非常亲近。他们经历了艰难的童年。随着他们长大，博伊斯的生活似乎有所进步，但他的妹妹却经历了挣扎和精神问题。
 
Boyce said he discovered one in five children have a higher biological response to stress. He said they show signs of too much activity in the brain's fight-or-flight response and in stress hormones.
博伊斯说，他发现五分之一的儿童对压力有更高的生理反应。他说，它们显示出大脑的战或逃反应和应激激素过度活跃的迹象。
 
Observers say that children like these have higher rates of physical and mental problems when raised in a stressful family environment.
观察人士说，像这样的孩子在压力大的家庭环境中长大，身体和心理问题的发生率更高。
 
Boyce said that additional evidence suggests that these sensitive children do very well with nurturing and supportive parenting.
博伊斯说，更多的证据表明，这些敏感的孩子在养育和支持性养育方面做得很好。
 
Ananda Amstadter is a researcher at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond. She studies traumatic stress and genetics, the study of genes. She said that her research suggests genes and environment equally influence resilience. She said that there is no single resilience gene and that many genes are probably involved.
Ananda Amstadter 是里士满弗吉尼亚联邦大学的研究员。她研究创伤压力和遗传学，即基因研究。她说，她的研究表明基因和环境同样会影响恢复力。她说，不存在单一的复原力基因，可能涉及许多基因。
 
Terrie Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi are researchers at Duke University in the state of North Carolina. They have found a connection between differences in genes that help to control emotions and a higher risk for depression or bad behavior in children who experience abuse.
Terrie Moffitt 和 Avshalom Caspi 是北卡罗来纳州杜克大学的研究人员。他们发现有助于控制情绪的基因差异与遭受虐待的儿童患抑郁症或不良行为的风险更高之间存在联系。
 
Dr. Dennis Charney studies ways to overcome difficulties in life; he also works at Mount Sinai Health system in the state of New York. He said that our "genes are not destiny."
丹尼斯·查尼博士研究克服生活困难的方法；他还在纽约州的西奈山医疗系统工作。他说我们的“基因不是命运”。
 
Trauma can affect the development of areas in the brain that control anxiety and fear. Treatments like talk therapy and medication can help people who have experienced trauma. Charney also said that a loving family, good friends and a positive experience in school could correct the negative effects.
创伤会影响大脑中控制焦虑和恐惧的区域的发育。谈话疗法和药物治疗等治疗可以帮助遭受创伤的人。查尼还说，一个充满爱的家庭、好朋友和积极的学校经历可以纠正负面影响。
 
Steeve Biondolillo is now a 19-year-old college student. He spent his early life in Haiti. His family was poor and he experienced other trauma.
Steeve Biondolillo 现在是一名 19 岁的大学生。他早年在海地度过。他的家庭很穷，他还经历过其他创伤。
 
 
At the age of four, his biological parents sent him to an orphanage where he lived for three years. He said this experience was traumatic for him.
四岁时，他的亲生父母将他送到孤儿院，在那里生活了三年。他说，这段经历对他来说是一种创伤。
 
"I didn't really understand what was happening,'' he said, "I just got thrown into a big house full of other kids.''
“我真的不明白发生了什么，”他说，“我只是被扔进了一个满是其他孩子的大房子里。”
 
He said that he remembers feeling afraid and alone. He thought he would have to live there forever.
他说他记得当时感到害怕和孤独。他想他将不得不永远住在那里。
 
Then came the 2010 Haiti earthquake. The disaster killed more than 100,000 people and destroyed the capital and other towns.
然后是 2010 年的海地地震。这场灾难造成超过 10 万人死亡，并摧毁了首都和其他城镇。
 
 
"All the hope that I had suddenly vanished,'' Biondolillo said.
“我所有的希望突然消失了，”Biondolillo 说。
 
Biondolillo survived and he was adopted by an American family that took him to the United States. His new life gave him many opportunities. But he was still frightened by past traumas from Haiti.
Biondolillo 幸免于难，他被一个美国家庭收养，并把他带到了美国。他的新生活给了他很多机会。但他仍然对海地过去的创伤感到恐惧。
 
His adoptive parents wanted to help, so they got him and his brother involved in an after-school program at the local Boys & Girls Club where they could have fun. The adults there were supportive, and he talked about his experiences. He said that they made him feel supported and loved.
他的养父母希望提供帮助，因此他们让他和他的兄弟参加了当地男孩女孩俱乐部的课后活动，在那里他们可以玩得开心。那里的大人们都很支持他，他也谈到了自己的经历。他说，他们让他感到被支持和被爱。
 
Now Steeve is in his second year of college. He is studying social work. He wants to give back to society by helping and nurturing others.
现在史蒂夫已经上大学二年级了。他正在学习社会工作。他想通过帮助和培养他人来回馈社会。
 
Biondolillo said that his life has been a path from being a fearful child to a "proud young man with big goals and a big future.''
Biondolillo 说，他的人生经历了从一个胆小怕事的孩子到“拥有远大目标和远大未来的骄傲年轻人”的道路。