阅读理解分析（B） 如何制胜“推理题”？

阅读理解分析（B） 如何制胜“推理题”？

解题思路

推理题主要考查考生理解字面意思，并且也能根据所读材料进行一定判断和推论的能力；制胜推理题要以表面文字信息为依据，进一步推理出答案。推理题通常有两种类型：

1．暗示推理题，常见的问题形式有：

It is implied in the passage that________.

The passage implies that________.

The passage suggests that________.

It can be learned from the passage that________.

2．推论题，常见的问题形式有：

It can be inferred from the passage that________.

It can be concluded from the passage that________.

From the passage we can infer (draw the conclusion) that________.

针对推理题，可按照以下几个步骤进行：

第一步：寻找标志词，如imply，infer，conclude，learn from等，确定为推理题；

第二步：根据题干返回原文找到相关的句子或段落；

第三步：读懂原文后，对比选项，排除不正确的；

第四步：能够由原文表面文字信息合理推出来的、对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。

［温馨提示］

既然是暗示推理题，那么答案不能一字不差地照搬原文词句，而应对原文词句做出同义改写。这种改写可以通过利用同义词、改变原句顺序或结构等方式完成。

真题回放

Centers of the Great European Cities

The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere.

Squares, plazas (广场) and arcades (拱廊) form the heart of Europe's cities.

Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco—a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London's Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats (杂技演员) and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop (背景) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames.

These vibrant (有活力的) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don't see all the mistakes," said Garreau. "Those have all been removed." Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people's homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans' life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people together with tourists, provide the city centers with the reason for existence.

Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos (浓咖啡) and cigarettes.

Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy, is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community. (2008年)

31. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that each big city in Europe________.

A. has many large squares

B. has many very magnificent sky-scrapers

C. draws tourists in large numbers every year

D. has a center where tourists meet their spouses

31．C。［答案解析］推理题。首先根据题干the first paragraph返回原文第一段，第一段主要讲了欧洲的大城市中心是传统的聚会场所，人们聚集在此喝咖啡或者聊天直至深夜。当地人和游客形成了令人兴奋的大都会气氛。由此可以推断出欧洲的大城市每年都有大量的游客，选择C项。选项A、B推理出的观点太窄，不能概括整段中心，而D项短文中根本没提到。

Achilles' heel

例：... (paragraph 1) Once while being prepared (准备) for a television interview, I was chatting with the host about stay-at-home fathers. I made the point that one reason we're seeing more stay-at-home dads may be that it's no longer a given (假定的事实) that a man makes more money than his wife. Many families now take earning power into account when deciding which parent will stay home. (2006年)

36. Which of the following does the first paragraph imply?

A. Men like staying at home.

B. The author works at a TV station.

C. In more and more families the wife is earning more than the husband.

D. The husband is the better parent.

［典型错误］此题有的考生可能会误选A或B。

［错因分析］本段第一句内容表示，作者要对做家庭主“夫”的父亲做电视访问。看到这一句，有的考生可能会主观地认为作者在电视台工作，或者男人喜欢待在家里照顾孩子等。但实际上，正确答案是在整段内容的基础上进行推理。

［正确答案］C。

［归纳拓展］考生在解答推理题的时候，一定要在文章事实或上下文（句）逻辑基础上进行推理而得出观点。切不可凭空想象，一定要忠实于原文。同时，也要以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为基础进行推理，不能推理过头，概括过度。