演讲MP3+双语文稿:几个渔村如何引发海洋保护革命
听力课堂TED音频栏目主要包括TED演讲的音频MP3及中英双语文稿，供各位英语爱好者学习使用。本文主要内容为演讲MP3+双语文稿:几个渔村如何引发海洋保护革命，希望你会喜欢！
【演讲人及介绍】Alasdair Harris
海洋保护主义者，企业家
TED研究员Alasdair Harris是一位社会企业家和海洋保护主义者，致力于海洋保护和减轻贫困的工作。
【演讲主题】几个渔村如何引发海洋保护革命
【演讲文稿-中英文】
翻译者 Nan Yang 校对 Jiasi Hao
00:12
I'm a marine biologist here to talk to youabout the crisis in our oceans, but this time perhaps not with a message you'veheard before, because I want to tell you that if the survival of the oceansdepended only on people like me, scientists trading in publications, we'd be ineven worse trouble than we are. Because, as a scientist, the most importantthings that I've learned about keeping our oceans healthy and productive havecome not from academia, but from fishermen and women living in some of the poorestcountries on earth. I've learned that as a conservationist, the most importantquestion is not, "How do we keep people out?" but rather, "Howdo we make sure that coastal people throughout the world have enough toeat?" Our oceans are every bit as critical to our own survival as ouratmosphere, our forests or our soils. Their staggering productivity ranksfisheries with farming as a mainstay of food production for humanity.
我是一个海洋生物学家，在这里想与你们谈谈我们的海洋危机，我这次带来的大概不是你们以前听到过的东西，因为我想告诉你们，如果海洋的幸存仅仅依靠像我这样与论文打交道的科学家们，我们将比现在面临更大的麻烦。因为，作为一个科学家，我学到的有关保持我们海洋健康和富饶的最重要的事情，并不是来自于学术界，而是来自于那些生活在地球上一些最贫穷国家的渔民。作为环保主义者，我了解到最重要的问题不是“我们如何让人远离海洋？”而是，“我们如何确保世界各地的沿海居民有足够的食物？”我们的海洋对我们的生存至关重要，就像大气层、森林和土壤一样。海洋惊人的生产力使渔业与农业一起成为人类粮食生产的支柱。
01:17
Yet something's gone badly wrong. We'reaccelerating into an extinction emergency, one that my field has so far failedabysmally to tackle. At its core is a very human and humanitarian crisis.
然而一些事情出了大问题。我们正在加速进入生物灭绝的紧急状态，那是目前为止我的研究领域丝毫没能解决的问题。其核心是非常人类以及人道主义的危机。
01:33
The most devastating blow we've so fardealt our oceans is through overfishing. Every year, we fish harder, deeper,further afield. Every year, we chase ever fewer fish. Yet the crisis ofoverfishing is a great paradox: unnecessary, avoidable and entirely reversible,because fisheries are one of the most productive resources on the planet. Withthe right strategies, we can reverse overfishing. That we've not yet done sois, to my mind, one of humanity's greatest failures.
迄今为止，我们对海洋最破坏性的打击是过度捕捞。每年，我们都驶向更深更远的地方，花更多精力捕捞。但是每年，我们追捕的鱼都在减少。然而过度捕捞的危机是一个巨大的悖论：它是不必要，可避免，完全可逆的，因为渔业是地球上生产力最高的资源之一。有了正确的策略，我们可以扭转过度捕捞的状况。但在我看来，我们尚未完成目标，这是人类最大的失败之一。
02:07
Nowhere is this failure more apparent thanin the warm waters on either side of our equator. Our tropics are home to mostof the species in our ocean, most of the people whose existence depends on ourseas. We call these coastal fishermen and women "small-scalefishers," but "small-scale" is a misnomer for a fleet comprisingover 90 percent of the world's fishermen and women. Their fishing is generallymore selective and sustainable than the indiscriminate destruction too oftenwrought by bigger industrial boats. These coastal people have the most to gainfrom conservation because, for many of them, fishing is all that keeps themfrom poverty, hunger or forced migration, in countries where the state is oftenunable to help. We know that the outlook is grim: stocks collapsing on thefront lines of climate change, warming seas, dying reefs, catastrophic storms,trawlers, factory fleets, rapacious ships from richer countries taking morethan their share. Extreme vulnerability is the new normal.
这种失败没有任何地方比在赤道两侧的温暖水域更明显。我们的热带地区是海洋中大多数物种的栖息地，大多数人的生存依赖于我们的海洋。我们把这些沿海居住的渔民称作“小型渔民”，但是对于囊括地球上90% 渔民的“小型渔民”队伍来说，“小型”是一个误称。他们的打捞一般比那些经常进行肆意捕捞的、更大型的工业大船更具选择性和可持续性。这些沿海居民从海洋保护中获取的利益最多，因为对于他们中的很多人，他们所在的国家无力帮助他们，而捕鱼是使他们摆脱贫困，饥饿或被迫迁徙的唯一方式。我们知道前景是严峻的：由于气候变化，出现了海洋变暖、垂死的珊瑚礁，灾难性风暴，海洋种群储备濒临崩溃；拖网渔船，工厂船队，和富裕国家的贪婪船只拿走了更多的份额。海洋的极度脆弱成为了新的常态。
03:17
I first landed on the island of Madagascartwo decades ago, on a mission to document its marine natural history. I wasmesmerized by the coral reefs I explored, and certain I knew how to protectthem, because science provided all the answers: close areas of the reefpermanently. Coastal fishers simply needed to fish less. I approached eldershere in the village of Andavadoaka and recommended that they close off thehealthiest and most diverse coral reefs to all forms of fishing to form arefuge to help stocks recover because, as the science tells us, after five orso years, fish populations inside those refuges would be much bigger,replenishing the fished areas outside, making everybody better off.
我在二十年前肩负着记录海洋自然历史的任务，第一次登上了马达加斯加岛。我被探索到的珊瑚礁迷住了，而且我当然知道如何保护它们，因为科学为我们提供了所有答案：就是永久关闭珊瑚礁周围的区域。沿海渔民只需要减少捕鱼。我找到在安达瓦多卡村的长者，并建议他们在所有形式的捕鱼中都将最健康、最多样化珊瑚礁生存的区域封闭，以形成一种庇护所，帮助种群进行恢复，因为，正如科学家告诉我们的，在大约五年后，在这些避难所的鱼类数量会变得更多，来补充避难所外的捕渔区，能使大家都从中获益。
04:03
That conversation didn't go so well.
但是与村民的谈话进行得并不好。
04:06
(Laughter)
（笑声）
04:07
Three-quarters of Madagascar's 27 millionpeople live on less than two dollars a day. My earnest appeal to fish less tookno account of what that might actually mean for people who depend on fishingfor survival. It was just another squeeze from outside, a restriction ratherthan a solution. What does protecting a long list of Latin species names meanto Resaxx, a woman from Andavadoaka who fishes every day to put food on thetable and send her grandchildren to school? That initial rejection taught methat conservation is, at its core, a journey in listening deeply, to understandthe pressures and realities that communities face through their dependence onnature. This idea became the founding principle for my work and grew into an organizationthat brought a new approach to ocean conservation by working to rebuildfisheries with coastal communities. Then, as now, the work started bylistening, and what we learned astonished us.
在马达加斯加 2700 万人口中，有四分之三的人每天的生活费不到 2 美元。我对减少捕鱼的诚恳呼吁没有考虑到这对于那些依靠捕鱼为生的人们实际上可能意味着什么。这只是来自外界的另一种压榨，一种限制，而不是解决方案。保护那一长串列表的拉丁名物种对于一位每天靠捕鱼提供三餐，供她孙子上学的安达瓦多卡妇女拉萨西意味着什么？最初的拒绝教会了我，海洋保护的核心是深入倾听的旅程，来了解社区因对自然的依赖而面临的压力和现实。这个想法成为了我项目的创立原则，然后它成长为了一个组织，带来了海洋保护新方法：努力重建渔业与沿海社区。然后，像现在这样，我们的工作开始于倾听，而我们学习到的东西令我们惊讶。
05:11
Back in the dry south of Madagascar, welearned that one species was immensely important for villagers: this remarkableoctopus. We learned that soaring demand was depleting an economic lifeline. Butwe also learned that this animal grows astonishingly fast, doubling in weightevery one or two months. We reasoned that protecting just a small area offishing ground for just a few months might lead to dramatic increases incatches, enough to make a difference to this community's bottom line in a timeframe that might just be acceptable. The community thought so too, opting toclose a small area of reef to octopus fishing temporarily, using a customarysocial code, invoking blessings from the ancestors to prevent poaching. Whenthat reef reopened to fishing six months later, none of us were prepared forwhat happened next. Catches soared, with men and women landing more and biggeroctopus than anyone had seen for years. Neighboring villages saw the fishingboom and drew up their own closures, spreading the model virally along hundredsof miles of coastline. When we ran the numbers, we saw that these communities,among the poorest on earth, had found a way to double their money in a matterof months, by fishing less. Imagine a savings account from which you withdrawhalf your balance every year and your savings keep growing. There is noinvestment opportunity on earth that can reliably deliver what fisheries can.
回到马达加斯加干旱的南部，我们了解到了一个物种对于村民极为重要：这种非凡的章鱼。我们意识到，不断增长的需求正在耗尽经济命脉。但是我们也知道这种生物生长得特别快，每一或两个月体重就能倍增。我们有理由认为，利用仅仅几个月时间保护一小块渔场就可能导致捕获量急剧增加，足以在可接受的时间范围内改变该社区的关键问题。社区也是这样认为，选择暂时关闭针对章鱼捕捞的小范围珊瑚礁，使用合乎习俗的的社会法规，祈求祖先的祝福以防止偷捕。当珊瑚礁区域在六个月后重新开放捕鱼时，我们中没有人对接下来发生的事情做好了心理准备。捕获量猛增，大家捕获的章鱼数量和个头比多年来任何人看见的都多，都大。附近的村庄看见了这里的渔业繁荣，也自行进行了关闭，在数百英里的海岸线上这种模式病毒似地传播开了。当我们计算了数字后，我们看到这些地球上最贫穷的社区，已经找到了一种方法，在短短几个月内，通过减少捕鱼使收入翻了一番。想象一个储蓄账户，你每年从里面取出一半的余额，而你的储蓄还在继续增长。地球上没有其它投资机会可以像渔业一样带来这样的回报。
06:44
But the real magic went beyond profit,because a far deeper transformation was happening in these communities. Spurredon by rising catches, leaders from Andavadoaka joined force with two dozenneighboring communities to establish a vast conservation area along dozens ofmiles of coastline. They outlawed fishing with poison and mosquito nets and setaside permanent refuges around threatened coral reefs and mangroves, including,to my astonishment, those same sights that I'd flagged just two years earlierwhen my evangelism for marine protection was so roundly rejected. They createda community-led protected area, a democratic system for local marine governancethat was totally unimaginable just a few years earlier.
但是真正的魔法超越了这种利益，因为一种更深远的转变正发生在这些社区里。在捕获量上升的刺激下，来自安达瓦多卡的领导人与二十几个毗邻社区联合，在数十英里的海岸线上建立了广阔的保护区。他们禁止毒药和蚊帐捕鱼的使用，在受威胁的珊瑚礁和红树林周围设立永久的庇护所，另我惊讶的是，也包括了两年前在我的海洋保护宣传被彻底拒绝时曾标记过的那些地点。他们创建了一个社区主导的保护区，一套在几年前完全无法想象的，地方海洋治理的民主制度。
07:33
And they didn't stop there: within fiveyears, they'd secured legal rights from the state to manage over 200 squaremiles of ocean, eliminating destructive industrial trawlers from the waters.Ten years on, we're seeing recovery of those critical reefs within thoserefuges. Communities are petitioning for greater recognition of the right tofish and fairer prices that reward sustainability.
而且他们并没有就此止步：在五年时间内，他们已经获得了州政府的合法权利，来管理面积超过 200 平方英里的海洋，从水中除掉了具有破坏性的工业拖网渔船。十年过去了，我们看见了那些庇护区域内重要珊瑚礁的恢复。社区正在为捕鱼权力的认可和能够激励可持续性的更公平的价格请愿。
07:59
But all that is just the beginning of thestory, because this handful of fishing villages taking action has sparked amarine conservation revolution that has spread over thousands of miles,impacting hundreds of thousands of people. Today in Madagascar, hundreds ofsites are managed by communities applying this human rights-based approach toconservation to all kinds of fisheries, from mud crabs to mackerel. The modelhas crossed borders through East Africa and the Indian Ocean and is nowisland-hopping into Southeast Asia. From Tanzania to Timor-Leste, from India toIndonesia, we're seeing the same story unfold: that when we design it right,marine conservation reaps dividends that go far beyond protecting nature,improving catches and driving waves of social change along entire coastlines,strengthening confidence, cooperation and the resilience of communities to facethe injustice of poverty and climate change.
但是这些都这是故事的开始，因为这少数几个采取行动的渔村已经引发了跨越数千英里海岸的海洋保护革命，影响了数十万人。如今在马达加斯加，有数百个地点由社区采用这种基于人权的方法来保护各种渔业，从泥蟹到鲭鱼。该模型已穿越东非和印度洋，现在正在进入东南亚。从坦桑尼亚到东帝汶，从印度到印尼，我们看到了同样的故事在展开：当我们设计得当，海洋保护所取得的丰硕成果，远远超出了保护自然，改善了捕获量，沿着整个海岸线，推动社会变革的浪潮，增强了面对贫穷的不公和气候变化的信心、合作与社区弹性。
09:02
I've been privileged to spend my careercatalyzing and connecting these movements throughout the tropics, and I'velearned that as conservationists, our goal must be to win at scale, not just tolose more slowly. We need to step up to this global opportunity to rebuildfisheries: with field workers to stand with communities and connect them, tosupport them to act and learn from one another; with governments and lawyersstanding with communities to secure their rights to manage their fisheries;prioritizing local food and job security above all competing interests in theocean economy; ending subsidies for grotesquely overcapitalized industrialfleets and keeping those industrial and foreign vessels out of coastal waters.We need agile data systems that put science in the hands of communities tooptimize conservation to the target species or habitat. We need developmentagencies, donors and the conservation establishment to raise their ambition tothe scale of investment urgently required to deliver this vision. And to getthere, we all need to reimagine marine conservation as a narrative of abundanceand empowerment, not of austerity and alienation; a movement guided by thepeople who depend on healthy seas for their survival, not by abstractscientific values.
我很荣幸能用自己的职业生涯促进和联系这些热带地区的保护运动，而且我学习到，作为保护主义者，我们的目标必须是大规模获胜，而不仅是输得更慢。我们需要把握这个全球机遇来重建渔业：团结实地工作人员与社区一起，支持他们行动起来，并互相学习；同时团结政府和律师与社区；保障他们管理渔业的权利，优先考虑当地粮食和工作安全，高于在海洋经济中的所有竞争利益；终止资本过多的工业船队的补贴，让工业和外国船只离开沿海水域。我们需要快捷的数据系统，将科学放入社区手中来优化保护目标物种或栖息地。我们需要发展机构、捐助者和保护机构，提高他们投资的野心来满足实现这一愿景的迫切需要。为了达到那个目标，我们大家需要将海洋保护重新想象为丰富和鼓舞，而不是节制和疏远的的叙事；一个依靠健康海洋生存的人民，而不是抽象的科学价值来主导的运动。
10:34
Of course, fixing overfishing is just onestep to fixing our oceans. The horrors of warming, acidification and pollutiongrow each day. But it's a big step. It's one we can take today, and it's onethat will give a much-needed boost to those exploring scalable solutions toother dimensions of our ocean emergency. Our success propels theirs. If wethrow up our hands in despair, it's game over. We solve these challenges bytaking them on one by one.
当然，解决过度捕捞只是修复海洋的第一步。变暖，酸化和污染的恐惧每天都在增长。但这是一大步。这是我们今天就可以进行的，对于那些正在探索可扩展的解决方案以应对我们海洋其它方面紧急情况的人们来说，这是一个急需的动力。我们的成功推动了他们的成功。如果我们绝望地举起双手，那就完蛋了。我们要一个接一个地解决这些挑战。
11:08
Our overwhelming dependence on our ocean isthe solution that has been hiding in plain sight, because there's nothing smallabout small-scale fishers. They're a hundred million strong and providenutrition to billions. It's this army of everyday conservationists who have themost at stake. Only they have the knowledge and global reach needed to reshapeour relationship with our oceans.
我们对海洋压倒性的依赖是原本就显而易见的解决方案，因为对于“小型渔民”来说，没有什么是小事。他们是一亿的强者，可为数十亿人提供营养。这是一群环境保护主义者每天最重要的一环。只有他们拥有重塑我们与海洋关系所需的知识和全球影响力。
11:35
Helping them achieve this is the mostpowerful thing we can do to keep our oceans alive.
帮助他们实现目标是为我们保护海洋生命可以做的最有力的事情。
11:42
Thank you.
谢谢。
11:44
(Applause)
（掌声）
