58 分词的完成式 Track56
58 分词的完成式 Track56
1）构成：表示主动——having done；表示被动——having been done。
2）意义与用法：分词的完成式主要是为了强调分词动作与谓语动作之间有很长的时间间隔，或者是因为分词动作本身经历了很长时间的延续。
注意：分词完成式一般不用作定语，而只作状语。
（1）分词动作与谓语动作之间有一段间隔，则必须用分词完成式。
a. Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。
b. Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
c. Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up teaching.
d. Having been warned about the thieves, he left his valuables at the bank.
e .Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。
如果分词动作与谓语动作之间的时间间隔很短，这时即使分词动作先发生，我们也最好用分词一般式，以强调两个动作的衔接。例如：
f. Locking the door, he went home.
门锁上之后，他（马上）就回家了。
g. Finding the door locked, I went home.
发现门锁着，我就回家了。
h. Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.
（显然hear和burst out两个动作的时间间隔很短）
（2）分词动作本身要持续一段时间时，也必须用分词的完成式。
a. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.= After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.（having watered 强调动作经历了较长的一段时间）
b. Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another.
自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得已经难以听从别人的差遣了。
c.For "good”, the Chinese worked out a combination of "woman" and "child”. Once this combination process had started, there was no limit to it. The Chinese still use the system today, having developed it to the point of producing some forty thousand combined characters out of a few hundred original pictures of concrete objects.
（3）使用分词的完成式可以避免造成句子意思混淆不清。
a. Having sung a song, he sat down. 唱完一支歌后，他就坐了下来。
若说成“Singing a song, he sat down.”，则意思可能是“唱着歌的时候，他就坐了下来”，给人感觉是“他坐着唱歌”。
b. Having eaten his supper, he went out. 吃完晚饭后，他出门了。
若说成“Eating his supper, he went out.”，则给人的感觉是“他端着饭碗出门了”。
但是，在不造成歧义的情况下，我们一般不必使用分词的完成式。
c. Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining outside. 放下报纸，我走到窗前，看到外面正在下雨。
分析：首先，这里put和walk两个动作间隔很短，“我”是把报纸一放下，就紧接着走到窗前；其次，“放报纸”的动作本身不需要经历很长时间，不是在“慢镜头”似地put down。这样一来，本句均不符合分词完成式的两种基本思维。再说，put和walk两个动作不可能同时发生，必然是一先一后，因此不会造成句子歧义。所以，我们不需要用having put down...这样的结构。
2）意义与用法：分词的完成式主要是为了强调分词动作与谓语动作之间有很长的时间间隔，或者是因为分词动作本身经历了很长时间的延续。
注意：分词完成式一般不用作定语，而只作状语。
（1）分词动作与谓语动作之间有一段间隔，则必须用分词完成式。
a. Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。
b. Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
c. Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up teaching.
d. Having been warned about the thieves, he left his valuables at the bank.
e .Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up. 邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。
如果分词动作与谓语动作之间的时间间隔很短，这时即使分词动作先发生，我们也最好用分词一般式，以强调两个动作的衔接。例如：
f. Locking the door, he went home.
门锁上之后，他（马上）就回家了。
g. Finding the door locked, I went home.
发现门锁着，我就回家了。
h. Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.
（显然hear和burst out两个动作的时间间隔很短）
（2）分词动作本身要持续一段时间时，也必须用分词的完成式。
a. Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.= After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.（having watered 强调动作经历了较长的一段时间）
b. Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another.
自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得已经难以听从别人的差遣了。
c.For "good”, the Chinese worked out a combination of "woman" and "child”. Once this combination process had started, there was no limit to it. The Chinese still use the system today, having developed it to the point of producing some forty thousand combined characters out of a few hundred original pictures of concrete objects.
（3）使用分词的完成式可以避免造成句子意思混淆不清。
a. Having sung a song, he sat down. 唱完一支歌后，他就坐了下来。
若说成“Singing a song, he sat down.”，则意思可能是“唱着歌的时候，他就坐了下来”，给人感觉是“他坐着唱歌”。
b. Having eaten his supper, he went out. 吃完晚饭后，他出门了。
若说成“Eating his supper, he went out.”，则给人的感觉是“他端着饭碗出门了”。
但是，在不造成歧义的情况下，我们一般不必使用分词的完成式。
c. Putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining outside. 放下报纸，我走到窗前，看到外面正在下雨。
分析：首先，这里put和walk两个动作间隔很短，“我”是把报纸一放下，就紧接着走到窗前；其次，“放报纸”的动作本身不需要经历很长时间，不是在“慢镜头”似地put down。这样一来，本句均不符合分词完成式的两种基本思维。再说，put和walk两个动作不可能同时发生，必然是一先一后，因此不会造成句子歧义。所以，我们不需要用having put down...这样的结构。
