>>> 指代“阅读文章”：

　　in 引导的短语：in the reading (passage)

　　according to引导的短语：according to the reading (passage), according to the author

　　as引导的短语：as the author argues / maintains

　　to引导的短语：to quote the reading (passage), to quote the author

　　如何指代托福综合写作听力讲座中的信息?

　　in 引导的短语：in the lecture

　　according to引导的短语：according to the lecture，according to the professor

　　as引导的短语：as the professor argues / maintains

　　to引导的短语：to quote the lecture，to quote the professor

　　如何表达“阅读文章说”和“听力讲座说”中的“说”?

　　>>> 表示“论述”：argue, maintain, state, contend, assert, propose, suggest, indicate, imply, acknowledge, mention

　　>>> 表示“强调”：emphasize, highlight, address

　　>>> 表示“反对”：disagree, disapprove, contradict, contrast, refute

　　>>> 相关词组：talk about, be concerned with, concentrate on, be skeptical about, cast doubt on, point out