hemisphere半球;

equator赤道;

meridian经线;

parallel纬线;

latitude纬度;

longitude经度;

time zone时区;

altitude海拔;

horizon地平线;

sea level海平面;

plain平原;

plateau/highland高原/高地;

lowland低地;

basin盆地;

slope坡地;

cavern洞穴;

valley山谷/溪谷;

canyon峡谷;

rift裂谷;

channel/strait海峡;

continental shelf大陆架;

mountain ranges山脉;

river bed河床;

ocean bottom海床;

archipelago群岛;

peninsular半岛;

coral/volcanic island珊瑚/火山岛。