双语新闻：禽流感不断蔓延，导致南美野生动物死亡
The deadly H5N1 bird flu virus is spreading more aggressively than ever before since its arrival in South America in 2022. It is killing wild birds and marine mammals on the continent.
致命的H5N1禽流感病毒自2022年抵达南美以来，传播速度比以往任何时候都要快。它正在杀死非洲大陆上的野生鸟类和海洋哺乳动物。
Reuters recently spoke to eight experts in bird flu science. All said the current spread raises the risk of the virus becoming a bigger threat to humans.
路透社最近采访了8位禽流感科学专家。所有人都表示，目前的传播增加了病毒对人类构成更大威胁的风险。
The more immediate concern is that the disease, which once affected mostly birdlife, appears to be spreading between mammals.
更直接的担忧是，这种曾经主要影响鸟类的疾病，似乎正在哺乳动物之间传播。
The disease has already killed several dolphins in Chile and Peru. It has also killed about 50,000 seals and sea lions along the coasts and at least half a million birds across South America.
这种疾病已经导致智利和秘鲁的几只海豚死亡。它还杀死了大约5万只沿海的海豹和海狮，以及南美洲至少50万只鸟类。
Scientists have not yet tested infections in living animals to confirm mammal-to-mammal passage of the virus. But they believe it is very likely.
科学家们尚未对活体动物的感染进行测试，以证实该病毒在哺乳动物之间的传播。但他们认为这是很有可能的。
"It's almost certainly happened," said Richard Webby. He is a virologist at St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. "It's pretty hard to explain some of these large infections and die off without having mammal-to-mammal spread."
“这几乎肯定发生了，”理查德·威比说。他是田纳西州孟菲斯市圣裘德儿童研究医院的病毒学家。“如果没有哺乳动物之间的传播，很难解释这些大型感染和死亡。”
The same version of the virus has appeared in many bird species. Among them are migrating species, scientists told Reuters.
这种病毒的相同版本已经出现在许多鸟类身上。科学家告诉路透社，其中包括迁徙物种。
As climate change continues, animals are forced to move into new territories, often mixing with animals -- and viruses -- that are new to them.
随着气候变化的持续，动物被迫迁移到新的地区，经常与它们不熟悉的动物和病毒混合在一起。
"It's a matter of time before you will detect the first South American strain in North America," said Alonzo Alfaro-Nunez, a viral ecologist at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.
丹麦哥本哈根大学的病毒生态学家阿朗佐·阿尔法罗-努涅斯说，“在北美发现第一个南美菌株只是时间问题。”
Human risk
人类的风险
The growing concern led the intergovernmental Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to gather health experts and officials for a meeting this week in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
这种日益增长的担忧促使政府间泛美卫生组织(PAHO)召集卫生专家和官员于本周在巴西里约热内卢召开会议。
The group plans to launch the world's first regional program to supervise bird flu spread. The program will run observation and response efforts, a PAHO official told Reuters.
该组织计划启动世界上第一个监督禽流感传播的区域性项目。泛美卫生组织的一位官员告诉路透社，该项目将进行观察和应对工作。
Since the virus was first detected in Colombia in October 2022, there have been two known cases in humans on the continent. One was in Ecuador. The other was in Chile. Birds passed the virus in each case.
自2022年10月在哥伦比亚首次发现该病毒以来，该大陆已有两例已知的人类病例。一次是在厄瓜多尔。另一起发生在智利。每个病例都是禽类传播的病毒。
The patients survived. But often, H5N1 kills. About 60 percent of human cases of the virus end in death.
这些病人都活了下来。但通常情况下，H5N1是致命的。大约60%的人类感染该病毒的病例最终死亡。
The World Health Organization is unlikely to raise the H5N1 risk level for humans from the current "low" right now. The experts would require evidence of human-to-human transmission or signs of viral changes that would target humans, experts said.
世界卫生组织目前不太可能将H5N1对人类的风险水平从目前的“低”水平提高。专家们说，专家们将需要人传人的证据，或者有迹象表明病毒发生了针对人类的变化。
Several drugmakers have said they are developing bird flu vaccines for humans.
几家制药商说，他们正在研制人类用禽流感疫苗。
"We're seeing (the virus) do... little evolutionary steps that are on the long-term moving towards a potential human infection," said Ralph Vanstreels. He is a researcher at the University of California, Davis. He is studying South American variants of H5N1.
“我们看到(病毒)……从长远来看，这些微小的进化步骤正在向潜在的人类感染发展，”拉尔夫·范斯里尔斯说。他是加州大学戴维斯分校的一名研究员。他正在研究H5N1的南美变种。
Regional response
区域响应
With health officials and experts meeting in Rio this week, Latin American countries will be pressured to increase disease surveillance in the wild.
卫生官员和专家本周将在里约举行会议，拉丁美洲国家将受到压力，要求加强野外疾病监测。
The region's data is lacking and limited resources have left scientists struggling to understand how the disease is spreading in the wild. Scientists expect the number of cases is probably much higher than reported. Some cases are not getting laboratory testing.
该地区的数据缺乏，资源有限，科学家们难以了解这种疾病是如何在野外传播的。科学家预计病例数量可能比报道的要高得多。有些病例没有得到实验室检测。
Bolivia, for example, did not register a case in the wild last year. But the disease has been reported in surrounding countries, said Manuel Jose Sanchez Vazquez, a disease expert for PAHO's animal health center.
例如，玻利维亚去年在野外没有发现一例。但泛美卫生组织动物卫生中心的疾病专家曼纽尔·何塞·桑切斯·巴斯克斯说，周边国家已经报告了这种疾病。
Overseeing the disease response can also be complex, Sanchez noted. Public health officials deal with threats to humans. Agricultural experts and veterinarians deal with health threats to farm animals, including birds, cows and pigs. But for wild animal health, care and supervision is provided mostly by environmental officials.
桑切斯指出，监督疾病反应也可能很复杂。公共卫生官员处理对人类的威胁。农业专家和兽医处理对农场动物的健康威胁，包括鸟类、奶牛和猪。但对于野生动物的健康，照顾和监督主要是由环保官员提供的。
The new regional commission is expected to be announced on Thursday. The group would aim to set methods for observing, treating and reporting cases among government agencies. It could also help in sharing laboratory resources.
新的地区委员会预计将于周四宣布。该组织的目标是在政府机构中制定观察、治疗和报告病例的方法。它还有助于共享实验室资源。
"We are worried and we are vigilant," Sanchez said. "The more adaptation of the virus to mammals, the more likely it is that transmission to humans could happen."
桑切斯说:“我们很担心，也很警惕。“这种病毒对哺乳动物的适应性越强，传播给人类的可能性就越大。
致命的H5N1禽流感病毒自2022年抵达南美以来，传播速度比以往任何时候都要快。它正在杀死非洲大陆上的野生鸟类和海洋哺乳动物。
Reuters recently spoke to eight experts in bird flu science. All said the current spread raises the risk of the virus becoming a bigger threat to humans.
路透社最近采访了8位禽流感科学专家。所有人都表示，目前的传播增加了病毒对人类构成更大威胁的风险。
The more immediate concern is that the disease, which once affected mostly birdlife, appears to be spreading between mammals.
更直接的担忧是，这种曾经主要影响鸟类的疾病，似乎正在哺乳动物之间传播。
The disease has already killed several dolphins in Chile and Peru. It has also killed about 50,000 seals and sea lions along the coasts and at least half a million birds across South America.
这种疾病已经导致智利和秘鲁的几只海豚死亡。它还杀死了大约5万只沿海的海豹和海狮，以及南美洲至少50万只鸟类。
Scientists have not yet tested infections in living animals to confirm mammal-to-mammal passage of the virus. But they believe it is very likely.
科学家们尚未对活体动物的感染进行测试，以证实该病毒在哺乳动物之间的传播。但他们认为这是很有可能的。
"It's almost certainly happened," said Richard Webby. He is a virologist at St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. "It's pretty hard to explain some of these large infections and die off without having mammal-to-mammal spread."
“这几乎肯定发生了，”理查德·威比说。他是田纳西州孟菲斯市圣裘德儿童研究医院的病毒学家。“如果没有哺乳动物之间的传播，很难解释这些大型感染和死亡。”
The same version of the virus has appeared in many bird species. Among them are migrating species, scientists told Reuters.
这种病毒的相同版本已经出现在许多鸟类身上。科学家告诉路透社，其中包括迁徙物种。
As climate change continues, animals are forced to move into new territories, often mixing with animals -- and viruses -- that are new to them.
随着气候变化的持续，动物被迫迁移到新的地区，经常与它们不熟悉的动物和病毒混合在一起。
"It's a matter of time before you will detect the first South American strain in North America," said Alonzo Alfaro-Nunez, a viral ecologist at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.
丹麦哥本哈根大学的病毒生态学家阿朗佐·阿尔法罗-努涅斯说，“在北美发现第一个南美菌株只是时间问题。”
Human risk
人类的风险
The growing concern led the intergovernmental Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to gather health experts and officials for a meeting this week in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
这种日益增长的担忧促使政府间泛美卫生组织(PAHO)召集卫生专家和官员于本周在巴西里约热内卢召开会议。
The group plans to launch the world's first regional program to supervise bird flu spread. The program will run observation and response efforts, a PAHO official told Reuters.
该组织计划启动世界上第一个监督禽流感传播的区域性项目。泛美卫生组织的一位官员告诉路透社，该项目将进行观察和应对工作。
Since the virus was first detected in Colombia in October 2022, there have been two known cases in humans on the continent. One was in Ecuador. The other was in Chile. Birds passed the virus in each case.
自2022年10月在哥伦比亚首次发现该病毒以来，该大陆已有两例已知的人类病例。一次是在厄瓜多尔。另一起发生在智利。每个病例都是禽类传播的病毒。
The patients survived. But often, H5N1 kills. About 60 percent of human cases of the virus end in death.
这些病人都活了下来。但通常情况下，H5N1是致命的。大约60%的人类感染该病毒的病例最终死亡。
The World Health Organization is unlikely to raise the H5N1 risk level for humans from the current "low" right now. The experts would require evidence of human-to-human transmission or signs of viral changes that would target humans, experts said.
世界卫生组织目前不太可能将H5N1对人类的风险水平从目前的“低”水平提高。专家们说，专家们将需要人传人的证据，或者有迹象表明病毒发生了针对人类的变化。
Several drugmakers have said they are developing bird flu vaccines for humans.
几家制药商说，他们正在研制人类用禽流感疫苗。
"We're seeing (the virus) do... little evolutionary steps that are on the long-term moving towards a potential human infection," said Ralph Vanstreels. He is a researcher at the University of California, Davis. He is studying South American variants of H5N1.
“我们看到(病毒)……从长远来看，这些微小的进化步骤正在向潜在的人类感染发展，”拉尔夫·范斯里尔斯说。他是加州大学戴维斯分校的一名研究员。他正在研究H5N1的南美变种。
Regional response
区域响应
With health officials and experts meeting in Rio this week, Latin American countries will be pressured to increase disease surveillance in the wild.
卫生官员和专家本周将在里约举行会议，拉丁美洲国家将受到压力，要求加强野外疾病监测。
The region's data is lacking and limited resources have left scientists struggling to understand how the disease is spreading in the wild. Scientists expect the number of cases is probably much higher than reported. Some cases are not getting laboratory testing.
该地区的数据缺乏，资源有限，科学家们难以了解这种疾病是如何在野外传播的。科学家预计病例数量可能比报道的要高得多。有些病例没有得到实验室检测。
Bolivia, for example, did not register a case in the wild last year. But the disease has been reported in surrounding countries, said Manuel Jose Sanchez Vazquez, a disease expert for PAHO's animal health center.
例如，玻利维亚去年在野外没有发现一例。但泛美卫生组织动物卫生中心的疾病专家曼纽尔·何塞·桑切斯·巴斯克斯说，周边国家已经报告了这种疾病。
Overseeing the disease response can also be complex, Sanchez noted. Public health officials deal with threats to humans. Agricultural experts and veterinarians deal with health threats to farm animals, including birds, cows and pigs. But for wild animal health, care and supervision is provided mostly by environmental officials.
桑切斯指出，监督疾病反应也可能很复杂。公共卫生官员处理对人类的威胁。农业专家和兽医处理对农场动物的健康威胁，包括鸟类、奶牛和猪。但对于野生动物的健康，照顾和监督主要是由环保官员提供的。
The new regional commission is expected to be announced on Thursday. The group would aim to set methods for observing, treating and reporting cases among government agencies. It could also help in sharing laboratory resources.
新的地区委员会预计将于周四宣布。该组织的目标是在政府机构中制定观察、治疗和报告病例的方法。它还有助于共享实验室资源。
"We are worried and we are vigilant," Sanchez said. "The more adaptation of the virus to mammals, the more likely it is that transmission to humans could happen."
桑切斯说:“我们很担心，也很警惕。“这种病毒对哺乳动物的适应性越强，传播给人类的可能性就越大。
